Well-Tempered Clavier
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The Well-Tempered Clavier (Das wohltemperierte Klavier in German -- "Klavier" means "piano", but the English word "clavier" (which means keyboard) looks more like the German title) consists of two books of preludes and fugues in all 24 keys. Johann Sebastian Bach composed the cycle "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study". While clavier instruments are any that have a keyboard, the Well-Tempered Clavier is normally played on the harpsichord or piano.
The first book was compiled in 1722 during Bach's appointment in Köthen; the second book followed it twenty years later while he was in Leipzig. Both were widely circulated in manuscript editions, but printed copies were not made until 1801.
Each book contains twenty-four pairs of preludes and fugues. The first pair is in C major, the second in C minor, the third in C-sharp major, the fourth in C-sharp minor, and so on. The rising chromatic pattern continues until every key has been represented by one prelude and one fugue.
Bach recycled some of the preludes and fugues from earlier sources: the 1720 Klavierbchlein for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, for instance, contains versions of eleven of the preludes. The C sharp major prelude and fugue in book one was originally in C major - Bach just added a key signature of seven sharps to convert it into the required key.
The work's title suggests that Bach was using some sort of musical tuning system that allowed all keys to be played in tune (this is opposed to meantone temperament, for example, where some keys sound out of tune). For a long time it was supposed that this system was equal temperament, but modern scholars suggest instead it was some form of well temperament.
The first complete recording of the Well-Tempered Clavier was made by Edwin Fischer between 1933 and 1936.
External links
- Fugues of the Well-Tempered Clavier (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc.html)
- J.S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier / In-depth Analysis and Interpretation (http://www-personal.umich.edu/~siglind/text.htm) by Siglind Bruhn. Full text of the 1951 book.
- Piano Society - Bach - Well-Tempered Clavier (http://www.pianosociety.com/index.php?id=98) - Various free recordings from the Well-Tempered Clavier.
- Music of Sacred Temperament (http://www.geocities.jp/imyfujita/index.html)de:Wohltemperiertes Klavier
eo:Bontemperita klavarinstrumento fr:Le clavier bien tempr ko:평균율 클라비어곡집 it:Il clavicembalo ben temperato hu:Wohltemperiertes Klavier nl:Wohltemperierte Klavier ja:平均律クラヴィーア曲集