User:JerryFriedman
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Here's my talk page. You can also reach me at mailto:jerry_friedman@yahoo.com. The spammers are already doing their worst.
I live in New Mexico and teach physics and math. However, I haven't found many articles on those topics that need improvement, so most of my edits have been on other topics, such as birdwatching and speculative fiction.
I'm not a compulsive proofreader. I could quit any time.
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Style tips
- Have some doubt about using "would" or "was to" to describe single past events. For example, "In 19xx, X went to A, where he was to meet his lifelong lover, L. He would also win the P Prize while there." If your narration is chronological, consider whether you would prefer "In 19xx, X went to A, where he met his lifelong lover, L. He also won the P Prize." If your narrative isn't chronological, consider whether it should be.
- (Of course, this doesn't apply to repeated events: "In A, he would often verb.")
- Have some doubt about "located". "Española is in Rio Arriba County" is just as clear as and one word shorter than "Española is located in Rio Arriba County".
Articles
Started (including stubs)
Christmas Bird Count, American Birding Association, Tom Brown's School Days (now merged with a later article under the title Tom Brown's Schooldays), Space Trilogy, Thornton Burgess, Zone-tailed Hawk, White-throated Hawk, Rodolfo Amando Philippi, What's Bred in the Bone, Lazuli Bunting, Pygmy Nuthatch, Keres languages (incorporating material from Kiowa-Tanoan languages), Tewa, Tewa language, Self-parody, Mountain Plover, Maia (novel), John Middleton Murry, Jr., Tribulus (replacing a page that is now at Puncture Vine), Prairie Falcon, Red-masked Parakeet, Aplomado Falcon, Fer-de-lance (previously a redirect), Band-tailed Pigeon.
Edited
A few hundred, I guess. My more extensive contributions have included Pale Fire, Robert B. Parker, Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, Split infinitive, Robert Lowth, Puncture Vine, Laughing Falcon, Common lancehead, Scarlet Macaw.
To do (unless somebody does them first):
- Lesser Goldfinch
- Sidney Michael Dancoff
- hornbill ivory
- Clay-colored Robin
- Cuban Trogon
- Turquoise-Browed Motmot
- rework split infinitive using the Promise Keepers' slogan "If you want to truly change the world, change the men." Or something.
Toolbox
International Phonetic Alphabet for English
/i:/ close front unrounded vowel IPA [iː]
/I/ near-close near-front unrounded vowel IPA [ɪ]
/eI/ diphthong: close-mid front unrounded vowel + near-close near-front unrounded vowel IPA [eɪ]
/E/ open-mid front unrounded vowel IPA [ɛ]
/&/ near-open front unrounded vowel
- IPA [æ]
/A:/ open back unrounded vowel
- IPA [ɑː]
/A./ BrE open back rounded vowel
- BrE [ɒ]
/O:/ open-mid back rounded vowel
- IPA [ɔː]
/V/ open-mid back unrounded vowel
- IPA [ʌ]
/oU/ AmE close-mid back rounded vowel + near-close near-back rounded vowel
- IPA AmE [oʊ]
/@U/ BrE schwa + near-close near-back rounded vowel
- BrE [əʊ]
/U/ near-close near-back rounded vowel
- IPA [ʊ]
- IPA [uː]
/:/ [ː]
Reduced vowels
These are vowels that occur in unstressed syllables.
- roses - close central unrounded vowel AmE only. This sound is called barred-i
- IPA [ɨ]
/@/
- IPA [ə]
- runner - AmE only. This is called an r-colored schwa. This is a single sound, not a sequence of schwa and r.
- IPA [ɚ]
- SAMPA [@`]
- button - AmE only. This is called syllabic n.
- IPA [n̩]
- bottom - AmE only. This is called syllabic m.
- IPA [m̩]
R-colored vowels
These are plain vowels that are followed by r.
- her
- IPA AmE [ɝ] BrE [ɜ]
- near
- IPA AmE [iɹ] BrE [ɪə]
- marry - AmE only *
- IPA [æɹ]
- merry - AmE only *
- IPA [ɛɹ]
- bare
- IPA AmE [eɹ] BrE [ɛə]
- car
- IPA AmE [aɹ] BrE [aː]
- core
- IPA AmE [ɔɹ] BrE [ɔə]
- pure
- IPA AmE [ʊɹ] BrE [ʊə]
- fire
- IPA AmE [aɪɚ] BrE [aɪə]
- hour
- IPA AmE [aʊɚ] BrE[aʊə]
* For many speakers of American English, all or some of [æ], [ɛ], and [e] are merged before [r]. That is, merry, marry, and/or Mary are homophones. The vowel is pronounced as [eɹ]. For speakers of British English, these sequences are just the plain vowel, with [ɹ] beginning the next syllable;
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are vowel sounds that smoothly glide from one vowel to another.
/aI/
- IPA [aɪ]
/OI/
- IPA [ɔɪ]
/aU/
- IPA [aʊ]
/ju/
- IPA [ju]
Consonants
Stops
/p/ - voiceless bilabial plosive
- IPA [p]
- IPA [b]
/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive
- IPA [t]
- IPA [d]
- IPA [k]
- IPA [g]
[?] glottal stop (not usually considered a separate phoneme of English.)
- IPA [ʔ]
The voiceless stops, [p], [t], and [k] are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of stressed syllables. Aspiration is marked in IPA with a superscript h. These symbols are thus [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ].
Nasals
/n/ alveolar nasal
- IPA [n]
/m/ bilabial nasal
- IPA [m]
- emphasis - labiodental nasal - this is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of m
- IPA [ɱ]
- /N/ - This sound is called engma, eng or agma
- SAMPA [N]
Fricatives
/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative
- IPA [f]
/v/ voiced labiodental fricative
- IPA [v]
/T/ voiceless interdental fricative
- IPA [θ]
/D/ voiced interdental fricative
- IPA [ð]
/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
- IPA [s]
- IPA [z]
/S/ voiceless postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called esh
- IPA [ʃ]
/Z/ voiced postalveolar fricative - This symbol is called ezh or yogh
- IPA [ʒ]
/h/ voiceless glottal fricative
- IPA [h]
Affricates
/tS/
- IPA [tʃ]
/dZ/
- IPA [dʒ]
A distinction is made in English between affricates and a series of a stop and fricative, because a syllable boundary never separates an affricate, but it might separate a stop/fricative sequence.
Approximants
Approximants, also called liquids, are smooth sounds that are almost like vowels. /l/ lateral alveolar approximant
- IPA [l]
- SAMPA [l]
- coal - velarized lateral alveolar approximant - this sound is sometimes called dark l (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone of [l])
- IPA [ɫ]
- IPA [ɹ]
[*] alveolar flap (not a separate phoneme of English, but an allophone of [t] and [d])
- IPA [ɾ]
- IPA [w]
- IPA [j]
[w] and [j] are also called glides.
Suprasegmentals
- primary stress
- IPA [ˈ]
- secondary stress
- IPA [ˌ]
- syllable break
- IPA [.]
Dual Licensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:
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