User:Alodyne

I am a Ph.D. student in mathematics. Mostly I am interested in algebraic topology, more specifically stable homotopy theory.

Contents

1 Steenrod operations 2 Axiomatic characterization 3 Adem relations and the Serre-Cartan basis 4 Hopf algebra structure and the Milnor basis 5 First applications 6 Connection to the Adams spectral sequence and the homotopy groups of spheres 7 This is where the Hopf invariant page starts

Steenrod operations

In algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, the Steenrod algebra is an object of great importance, most especially to homotopy theorists. It is a graded algebra over the field Z/p, the integers modulo p, for a fixed prime p. Briefly, it is the algebra of all stable cohomology operations for mod p singular cohomology. It is generated by the Steenrod reduced pth powers, or Steenrod squares if p=2.

A cohomology operation is a natural transformation between cohomology functors. For example, if we take cohomology with coefficients in a ring, the cup product squaring operation yields a family of cohomology operations:

<math>H^n(X;R) \to H^{2n}(X;R)<math>

<math>x \mapsto x \smile x<math>

Note that cohomology operations need not be group homomorphisms.

This operation is not what a homotopy theorist would call stable, because it does not commute with suspension. (This is because if Y is a suspension of a space X, the cup product on the cohomology of Y is trivial.) Norman Steenrod constructed operations

<math>Sq^i \colon H^n(X;\mathbf{Z}/2) \to H^{n+i}(X;\mathbf{Z}/2)<math>

<math>P^i \colon H^n(X;\mathbf{Z}/p) \to H^{n+2i(p-1)}(X;\mathbf{Z}/p)<math>

for all i greater than zero. The notation Sq and their name, the Steenrod squares, comes from the fact that Sqⁿ restricted to classes of degree n is the cup square. There are analogous operations for odd primary coefficients, usually denoted Pⁱ and called the reduced p-th power operations. The Sqⁱ form a connected graded algebra over Z/2, where the multiplication is given by composition of operations. This is the mod 2 Steenrod algebra. In the case p > 2, the mod p Steenrod algebra is generated by the Pⁱ and the Bockstein operation β associated to the short exact sequence

<math>0 \to \mathbf{Z}/p \to \mathbf{Z}/p^2 \to \mathbf{Z}/p \to 0.<math>

(The Bockstein occurs also in the mod 2 case, as Sq¹.)

Axiomatic characterization

The Steenrod squares Sqⁿ satisfy the following axioms:

1. Naturality: For any map f : X → Y, f*(Sqⁿx) = Sqⁿf*(x).
2. Additivity: Sqⁿ(x + y) = Sqⁿ(x) + Sqⁿ(y).
3. Cartan Formula:<math>Sq^n(x \smile y) = \sum_{i+j=n} (Sq^i x) \smile (Sq^j y)<math>
4. Stability: The squares commute with the suspension isomorphism (if we are careful).
5. Sqⁿ is the cup square on classes of degree n.
6. Sq⁰ is the identity homomorphism.
7. Sq¹ is the Bockstein homomorphism of the exact sequence <math>0 \to \mathbf{Z}/2 \to \mathbf{Z}/4 \to \mathbf{Z}/2 \to 0.<math>

Together with the Adem relations, defined below, these axioms characterize the Steenrod squares uniquely. Similar axioms apply to the reduced p-th powers for p > 2.

Adem relations and the Serre-Cartan basis

The first question about the Steenrod algebra is, when is a composition of operations nonzero? The ring structure of the Steenrod algebra is exceedingly intricate. Indeed, as described below, its cohomology may be viewed as an approximation to the stable homotopy groups of spheres, objects of modern mathematics famous for being hard to identify. Jean-Pierre Serre and Henri Cartan found a good basis for the Steenrod algebra by examining the Adem relations, named for their discoverer José Adem. This basis relies on a certain notion of admissibility for integer sequences. We say a sequence

<math>i_1, i_2, \ldots, i_n<math>

is admissible if for each j, i_j > 2i_j+1. Then the elements

<math>Sq^I = Sq^{i_1} \ldots Sq^{i_n},<math>

where I is an admissible sequence, form a basis (the Serre-Cartan basis) for the mod 2 Steenrod algebra. There is a similar basis for the case p > 2. The notion of admissibility comes from the Adem relations, which are

<math>Sq^i Sq^j = \sum_{k=0}^{[i/2]} {j-k-1 \choose i-2k} Sq^{i+j-k} Sq^k<math>

for all i, j > 0 such that i < 2j. (The binomial coefficients are to be interpreted mod 2.) The Adem relations allow one to write an arbitrary composition of Steenrod squares as a sum of Serre-Cartan basis elements.

Hopf algebra structure and the Milnor basis

The Steenrod algebra has more structure than as a graded Z_p-algebra. It is also a Hopf algebra, so that in particular there is a diagonal or comultiplication map

<math>\psi \colon A \to A \otimes A<math>.

It is actually much easier to describe than the product map:

<math>\psi(Sq^k) = \sum_{i+j=k} Sq^i \otimes Sq^j.<math>

The linear dual of ψ makes the (graded) linear dual A* of A into an algebra. John Milnor proved, for p = 2, that A* is actually a polynomial algebra, with one generator ξ_k in every degree not of the form 2^k - 1. The monomial basis for A* then gives another choice of basis for A, called the Milnor basis. The dual to the Steenrod algebra is often more convenient to work with, because the multiplication is commutative. In the case p > 2, the dual is the tensor product of a polynomial algebra with an exterior algebra. Of course, the coproduct for A* is the dual of the product on A; it is given in the case p = 2 by

<math>\psi(\xi_n) = \sum_{i=0}^n \xi_{n-i}^{2^i} \otimes \xi_i.<math>

Here ξ₀ is interpreted as 1. The only primitive elements of A* are the <math>\xi_1^{2^i}<math>, and these are dual to the <math>Sq^{2^i}<math> (the only indecomposables of A).

First applications

The most famous early applications of the Steenrod algebra to outstanding topological problems were the solutions by Frank Adams of the Hopf invariant one problem and the vector fields on spheres problem. Adams later gave a second solution of the Hopf invariant one problem, using operations in K-theory; of course these are the Adams operations. One application of the mod 2 Steenrod algebra that is fairly elementary is the following theorem. Recall first that the Hopf invariant is defined for maps S^{2n - 1} → Sⁿ.

Theorem. If there is a map S^{2n - 1} → Sⁿ of Hopf invariant one, then n is a power of 2.

The proof uses the fact that each Sq^k is indecomposable for k = 2ⁿ, that is, such an element is not the product of squares of strictly smaller degree.

Connection to the Adams spectral sequence and the homotopy groups of spheres

The cohomology of the Steenrod algebra is the E₂ term for the (p-local) Adams spectral sequence, whose abutment is the p-component of the stable homotopy groups of spheres. More specifically, the E₂ term of this spectral sequence may be identified as

<math>\mathrm{Ext}^{s,t}_{A}(\mathbf{F}_p, \mathbf{F}_p).<math>

This is where the Hopf invariant page starts

In algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, the Hopf invariant is a number associated to a continuous function between spheres, similarly to the Brouwer degree.