United States Union Party
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The Union Party was a short-lived political party in the United States, formed in 1936 by a coalition of radio priest Father Charles Coughlin, old-age pension advocate Francis Townsend, and Gerald L. K. Smith, who had taken control of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth movement after Long's assassination in 1935. Each of those people hoped to channel their wide followings into support for the Union Party, which proposed a radical populist alternative to the New Deal reforms of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression.
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Background
Many observers at the time felt that there was a place for a party more radical than Roosevelt and the Democrats but still non-Marxist in the political spectrum of the time.
Rumored political aspirations of Huey Long
Although many people expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform, his bid was cut short when he was assassinated in September of 1935.
It was later revealed by historian and Long biographer T. Harry Williams that the senator had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed Share Our Wealth Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of SOW. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.
Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Senators Burton K. Wheeler (D-Montana) and William E. Borah (R-Idaho), and Governor Floyd B. Olson (FL-Minnesota). After the assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea and Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.
Problems and controversies
The Union Party suffered from a multiplicity of problems almost from the moment of its inception. A primary one was that each of the party's three principal leaders seemingly saw himself, not its Presidential nominee, William Lemke, as the real power figure and natural leader of the party. Another was that each man's movement was largely a result of the force of personality more than a truly cohesive ideology, in the case of Coughlin and Townsend their own personalities; in the case of Smith, he largely inherited the movement built by the charismatic personality of Long. Smith himself was considered a far less charismatic figure. This was not the basis for an even moderately-successful party over the long run. Some critics charged that the Union Party was in fact controlled by Father Coughlin, a former Roosevelt supporter who had broken with Roosevelt and had begun an ugly slide into anti-Semitism and demagogy by 1936. Also, Smith, like Coughlin, had turned to racism and anti-Semitism which was a far cry from the largely racially tolerant views of Long, Townsend, and Lemke, reducing the appeal of the group among many progressives.
The Union Party did attract modest support from populists on both sides of the political spectrum who were unhappy with Roosevelt and from the remnants of earlier third parties such as the Farmer-Labor Party. Others such as The Nation magazine were wary of the new party and backed Roosevelt. Presaging more recent debates over the Reform Party, the Green Party, H. Ross Perot, and Ralph Nader, many considered the party either a left-wing spoiler party which would hurt Roosevelt, or an unworkable alliance between left-wing and right-wing populists. More traditional parties on the left such as the Socialist Party denounced the Union Party.
1936 Presidential nominee
William Lemke, a U.S. Congressman from North Dakota, was chosen as the party's nominee for the 1936 Presidential election. Lemke received 892,267 votes nationwide, or less than 2% of the total popular vote, and no electoral votes. However, even this meager showing was the best for a U.S. third party between the 1924 Progressives and the 1948 Dixiecrats.
The vice-presidential nominee was Thomas C. O'Brien, a labor lawyer from Boston.
Other notable candidates
Jacob S. Coxey of Coxey's Army fame, socialist leader and frequent independent candidate for the United States Congress, ran for Congress in 1936 on the Union Party ticket in Ohio's 16th District. He received 2,384 votes or 1.6% of the vote (4th place).
Demise of the Union Party
The Union Party was disbanded shortly after the 1936 elections. Presidential nominee Lemke continued to serve in Congress as a Republican, eventually dying in office while serving an eighth term. Father Coughlin announced his retirement from the airwaves immediately after the disappointing returns of the 1936 election, but returned to the air within a couple of months; upon U.S. entry into World War II, the Roman Catholic Church ordered Father Coughlin to retire from the airwaves and return to his duties as a parish priest, and he died in obscurity in 1979. Townsend, already quite elderly, saw his movement largely supplanted by the enactment of Social Security the next year and also largely became quite obscure afterwards, although he lived until 1960. Smith became even more of a radical fringe figure who eventually became an early proponent of Holocaust denial, which he was still touting at the time of his death in 1976.
Older namesake
In the 1864 Presidential election the Republican Party of incumbent President Abraham Lincoln ran as the National Union Party or Union Party. The name was in reference to the Union faction of the American Civil War.