United Kingdom prison population
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The United Kingdom has one of the highest rates of incarceration in western Europe: on average 109 people in every 100,000 are in prison (although this is far short of the 702 per 100,000 in the United States).
There are 139 prisons in England and Wales, with 19 built since 1995. Seven prisons are private: built under the Private Finance Initiative, they are termed DCMF prisons (privately Designed, Constructed, Managed and Financed) and revert to the government after 25 years. A further two prisons are privately managed but were built with public money. The remaining prisons are operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service, an Executive Agency reporting to the Home Office. The prison population is split between local prisons, remand centres, training prisons, young offender institutes and open prisons.
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Overview
In 2005 there are more than 75,000 people in prison in England and Wales, a near-doubling from the 42,000 in 1991; the Home Office predicts a total of 110,000 by 2010. There are more black men in prison than in university. In 2004, each prisoner cost the taxpayer an average of £38,000.Template:Ref
The rise in the prison population has been substantially driven by harsher sentencing. In 1995, 129 people were in prison for shoplifting; in 2005 it was 1400. In 2001, 3000 people were sent to prison for petty theft for a first time offence. One third of petty offenders lose their home while in custody; two-fifths lose contact with their families; two-thirds lose their jobs. Around half of all prisoners have a reading age less than an 11-year old. All this contributes to reoffending rates of 59% within two years. The number of women in prison has risen disproportionately - from 1800 in 1994 to 4500 in 2004. 40% of women going to prison have previously attempted suicide.Template:Ref
Population figures
In 1900 there were 14,460 male prisoners, 2,980 female prisoners. In 1991 the total prison population was 42,000 and in 1992 it was 45,800.
2002
In 2002 the average number of people in prisons in England and Wales was 70,860, up from 66,300 in 2001, and a doubling of numbers since 1992. In total 136,200 were received by the Prison Service. Of the prisoners averagely 12,790 were on remand, up 14% on 2001. Prisoners serving four year or longer sentences made up 48% of all sentenced prisoners. The capacity of prisons, Certified Normal Accommodation, on June 30, 2002 was 64,230. The excess over prison capacity led to the implementation of Operation Safeguard in July-December, the holding of prisoners in police station cells. The introduction of the Home Detention Curfew scheme in 2002 had only temporary effect.
In crown courts in 2002 63% of those convicted were sent to prison (1992 45%), with an average sentence of 28 months, and 512 people were sentenced to life. In magistrates' courts 17% were imprisoned (1992 5%), although the average sentence was 2.5 months. The main offences of those imprisoned were violence against the person (22%) and burglary (17%). 21% of prisoners were from ethnic minorities, who form around 10% of the total population. Of prisoners released, 59% are found guilty of another offence within two years.
2003
In February 2003 the prison population stood at 72,144, of which 4,810 were serving life sentences (averaging 13 years), and there were 3,740 female prisoners. Of the prisoners 8,570 were termed young offenders. The Home Office estimates that the prison population will rise to 84,000 by 2008. The cost per prisoner is £36,000 a year.
2004
In December 2004 the prison population stood at 73,640, a 1% increase over twelve months, with 31,370 new receptions over the last quarter. Of the total population 11,446 were on remand - those either untried or unsentenced; 8,073 were young adults; and 4,232 were women. The number held in secure training centres, 214, was up 25%; while the number held in Local Authority secure children’s homes, 218, was down 23%. The number on Home Detention Curfew was down 11% year-on-year to 3,363. 1,039 individuals (52 women) were given life sentences, bringing the total to 5,758. Prisoners serving four year or longer sentences made up 43% of all sentenced prisoners. The capacity of prisons, Certified Normal Accommodation, was 68,718. Prison numbers were below Certified Operational Capacity (78,917) so none were held in police cells.
2005
In February 2005 there were 75,815 people in custody, a 1% increase on February 2004.
See also
References
- Template:Note John Kampfner, New Statesman, 31 May 2004
- John Kampfner, New Statesman, 31 May 2004
External links
- Prison Service homepage (http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/)
- Home Office prisons page (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prisons1.html)
- Nick Davies, The Guardian, June 23, 2005, "Life behind the prison looking glass" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/criminaljustice/story/0,13733,1512594,00.html)