Twin
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TwinBoysInBathtub.jpg
- For other uses, see Twin (disambiguation).
The term twin most notably refers to two individuals (or one of two individuals) who have shared the same uterus (womb) and are usually, but not necessarily, born on the same day. A fetus alone in the womb is called a singleton. Due to the limited size of the mother's womb, multiple pregnancy is much less likely to carry to full term than singleton birth. Since some premature births often have health consequence to the babies, twins birth are more often handled with special procedures than regular births. This article is limited to this usage of the term "twin".
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Types of twins
Fraternal twins
Fraternal twins (commonly known as "non-identical twins") occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterine wall at about the same time, within the same menstrual cycle, or in rare cases within one menstrual cycle of each other. The two eggs form two zygotes, and these twins are therefore also known as dizygotic.
Dizygotic twins are no more similar genetically than any siblings and develop in separate amnions, with separate placentae. They may have different genders or the same gender. However, twins of differing genders are almost always fraternal.
Studies show that there is a genetic basis for fraternal twinning—that is, non-identical twins do run in families. However, it is only the female that has any influence on the chances of having fraternal twins as the male cannot make her release more than one ovum.
Identical twins
Twins.jpg
Identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote (monozygotic) but the zygote then divides into two separate embryos. The two embryos develop into foetuses sharing the same womb. Depending on the stage at which the zygote divides, identical twins may share the same amnion (in which case they are known as monoamniotic) or not (diamniotic). Diamniotic identical twins may share the same placenta (known as monochorionic) or not (dichorionic). All monoamniotic twins are monochorionic.
Sharing the same amnion (or the same amnion and placenta) can cause complications in pregnancy. For example, the umbilical cords of monoamniotic twins can become entangled, reducing or interrupting the blood supply to the developing foetus. Monochorionic twins, sharing one placenta, usually also share the placental blood supply. In rare cases, blood passes disproportionately from one twin to the other through connecting blood vessels within their shared placenta, leading to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
Monozygotic twins are genetically identical unless there has been a mutation in development, and they are almost always the same gender. They look alike, except that they are sometimes mirror images, but examination of details such as fingerprints can tell them apart. As they mature, identical twins often become less alike because of lifestyle choices or external influences such as scars.
It is thought that identical twins do not run in families, but rather identical twins occur more or less randomly.
Identical twins can behave as differently as any other siblings (a matter of much interest to psychologists). They develop their own individual personalities to enable themselves to be identified as individual persons. Many identical twins spend most of their time together (especially as children), so people can assume that they will behave alike just as they look alike; however, this is not necessarily the case. Twins establish their own individual likes and dislikes. This is not to say they are totally different, but there are usually obvious signs of differences when the identical twins are observed separately or together.
In extremely rare cases, identical twins have been born with opposite sexes (one male, one female). The probability of this is so vanishingly small (only 3 documented cases) that multiples having different genders is universally accepted as a sound basis for a clinical determination that in utero multiples are not monozygotic.
Semi-identical twins
If a mother's egg splits before fertilization, and then both go on to be fertilized, it can result in semi-identical twins, who would be identical on their mother's side but fraternal on the father's side.
Complications of twin pregnancy
Vanishing twins
Main article: Vanishing twin
Researchers suspect that more pregnancies start out as multiples than come to term that way. Early obstetric ultrasonography exams sometimes reveal an "extra" fetus, which fails to develop and instead disintegrates and vanishes.
Conjoined twins
Main article: Conjoined twin
Conjoined twins are monozygotic twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This occurs where the single zygote of identical twins fails to separate completely. This condition occurs in about 1 in 100,000 pregnancies.
Parasitic twins
Main article: Parasitic twin
Sometimes one twin fetus will fail to develop completely and continue to cause problems for its surviving twin. One fetus acts as a parasite towards the other.
Miscarried twin
Occasionally, a woman will suffer a miscarriage early in pregnancy, yet the pregnancy will continue; one twin was miscarried but the other was able to be carried to term. Similar to vanishing twin.
Human twins
Historically, about 1 in 80 human births (1.2%) has been the result of a twin pregnancy. The rate of twinning varies greatly among ethnic groups, ranging as high as about 6% for the Yoruba or 10% for a tiny Brazilian village (see [1] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9181177&dopt=Abstract)). The widespread use of fertility drugs causing hyperovulation (stimulated release of multiple eggs by the mother) has caused what some call an "epidemic of multiple births". In 2001, for the first time ever in the US, the twinning rate exceeded 3% of all births. Thus, approximately 6% of children born in the US in 2001 were twins.
Multiple births
Main article: Multiple birth
Sometimes multiple births may involve more than two fetuses. If there are three, they are called triplets; four, quadruplets; five, quintuplets; six, sextuplets, seven, septuplets, and so on. Before the advent of ovulation-stimulating drugs, triplets were quite rare (approximately 1 in 8000 births) and higher order births so rare as to be almost unheard of. Multiple pregnancies are usually delivered before the full term of 40 weeks gestation: the average length of pregnancy is around 37 weeks for twins, 34 weeks for triplets and 32 weeks for quadruplets.
Predisposing factors
The cause of monozygotic twinning is unknown. Fewer than 20 families have been described with an inherited tendency towards monozygotic twinning (people in these families have nearly a 50% chance of delivering monozygotic twins). Some evidence suggests that the environment of the womb causes the zygote to split in most cases.
Dizygotic twin pregnancies are slightly more likely when the following factors are present in the woman:
- She is of African descent
- Between the age of 30 and 40 years
- Greater than average height and weight
- Conception is soon after the cessation of oral contraceptives
- Several previous pregnancies.
Women who have been taking fertility drugs have the greatest chance of multiple births, ranging from 10 to 20 percent. This is primarily down to the passing of multiple embryos into the uterus in order to increase the success rate of in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
Twin studies
Twin studies refers to the practice of assessing identical twins for medical, genetic, or psychological studies to try to find innate similarities and differences and isolate genetic influence from environmental influence. Twins that have been separated early in life and raised in separate households are the most sought-after for these studies, which have been invaluable in the exploration of human nature.
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Twinning in animals
Multiple births are common in many animal species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. The incidence of twinning among cattle is about 1-4%, and research is underway to improve the odds of twinning, which can be more profitable for the breeder if complications can be sidestepped or managed.
See also
- List of twins
- Cloning with reference to identical twins.
da:Tvilling de:Zwillinge lt:dvyniai nl:Tweeling (biologie) ja:双生児