Tonnage
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Tonnage is a measure of the size or cargo capacity of a ship.
Tonnage varies in meaning depending on the vessel. It can refer to the weight of a loaded or empty vessel, or to its volume or its cargo volume. Measurement of tonnage can be less than straightforward, not least because it is used to assess fees on commercial shipping. Port authorities, naval architects, and owners may have different approaches to calculating tonnage.
Gross Tonnage or Gross Register Tonnage is the internal volume of a vessel plus the space on exposed cargo decks (with some exemptions, depending on the assessing body). It (or Net Tonnage, below) is used for calculating canal transit or harbor fees, and is often expressed in gross tons, measurement tons, or cubic meters.
Net Tonnage or Net Register Tonnage is Gross Tonnage less the volume of spaces that will not hold cargo (e.g. engine compartment, helm station, crew spaces, etc., again with differences depending on which port or country is doing the calculations). It represents the volume of the ship available for transporting freight or passengers. Register Tonnage calculations are complex. A hold can, for instance, be assessed for grain (accounting for all the air space in the hold) or for bales (exempting the spaces between structural frames). Net Tonnage is often expressed in gross tons, measurement tons, or cubic meters.
Displacement Tonnage is the actual weight of the vessel and its contents. It is often used to rate naval vessels, since their weight is fairly constant and they are not subject to the kinds of port fees that are calculated on Register Tonnage. It is often expressed in long tons or in metric tons.
Deadweight Tonnage is the maximum weight that a ship can safely carry when fully loaded. It includes the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, water, and stores. Like Displacement Tonnage, it is often expressed in long tons or in metric tons.
- A measurement ton measures space. Its value is 100 cubic feet (2.832 cubic meters).
- A freight ton also measures space. Its value is 40 cubic feet (1.133 cubic meter).
- A long ton measures weight. Its value is 2,240 pounds (1,016.05 kg). (The common ton in use in the Imperial and U.S. systems of measurements is the short ton of 2,000 pounds (907.18 kg).)
- A metric ton (commonly written tonne and abbreviated t) measures mass (taken in this context as a measurement of weight; see kilogram-force). It equals 1,000 kilograms.
It is not difficult to estimate a ship's actual weight (displacement tonnage). Estimate how many cubic feet of water it is displacing (the volume of the hull lying below the water). Multiply by 64 (the weight of one cubic foot of seawater) to get the weight of the ship in pounds. Or divide the cubic feet by 35 to go directly to the weight in long tons.
Historically, tonnage was the tax on tuns (casks) of wine shipped to England, mostly from Spain and Portugal, under a subsidy granted to the English crown by Parliament starting in the 14th century.
See also
Categories: Volume | Mass