The Conquest of Bread
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The Conquest of Bread (French: La Conquête du Pain) is a book by the anarchist communist Peter Kropotkin. Originally written in French, it first appeared as a series of articles in the anarchist journals Le Révolté and La Revolté (which were both edited by Kropotkin). It was first published as a book in Paris in 1892 with a preface by Élisée Reclus, who also suggested the title. Between 1892 and 1894 it was serialised, in part, in the London journal Freedom, of which Kropotkin was a co-founder. It has been translated and reprinted numerous times: it was translated into Japanese, for example, by Kotoku Shusui in 1909. It has been reprinted by Elephant Editions (1985), Vanguard Press (1995) and Freedom Press.
In this work, Kropotkin points out what he considers to be the fallacies of the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism, and how he believes they create poverty and scarcity while promoting privilege. He goes on to propose a more decentralised economic system based on mutual aid and voluntary cooperation, asserting that the tendencies for this kind of organisation already exist, both in evolution and in human society.
Summary of chapters
Chapter 1: Our Riches
Kropotkin begins, in the part I of this chapter, by stating that humanity is rich, "surpassing the dreams of the fairy tales of the Thousand and One Nights". He then asserts, in part II, that these riches have been earned by generations of workers and inventors, creating and improving technology and making land more habitable. Kropotkin then tells us that these riches are being, and have been, appropriated by a small class of owners who "force [people] to produce, not the necessities of life, but whatever offers the greatest profits to the monopolists." "In this," he says, "is the essence of all Socialism." Part III concludes that
- All things belong to all, since all men have need of them, since all men have worked in the measure of their strength to produce them, and since it is not possible to evaluate every one's part in the production of the world's wealth.
Chapter 2: Well-Being For All
In this chapter, the author asserts that "[w]ell-being for all is not a dream," and goes on to show that "our riches" are being squandered, and this is the reason that well-being for all is not (yet) a reality. To back this up, Kropotkin tells us that a number of factors are at play, namely:
- that much of workers' efforts and resources are wasted on producing useless luxuries;
- that the market system often results in goods being deliberately wasted so that the price of said goods may remain high; and
- that middlemen — all those who sit between the producer and consumer — take their own shares at each stage, Kropotkin explains, without actually contributing to the production of goods.
Chapter 3: Anarchist Communism
Having said that people should claim the right to live and then the right to well-being, Kropotkin proclaims that the only means of achieving "well-being for all" is Anarchist Communism.
Chapter 4: Expropriation
Chapter 5: Food
Chapter 6: Dwellings
Chapter 7: Clothing
Chapter 8: Ways and Means
Chapter 9: The Need for Luxury
Chapter 10: Agreeable Work
Chapter 11: Free Agreement
Chapter 12: Objections
Chapter 13: The Collectivist Wages System
Chapter 14: Consumption and Production
Chapter 15: The Division of Labour
Chapter 16: The Decentralization of Industry
Chapter 17: Agriculture
Remaining chapter summaries to follow
- See also: anarchism, Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution
External links
- The Conquest of Bread, full text (http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/conquest/toc.html)