Telstar
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- Alternate use: Coleco Telstar, Telstar Records
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Telstar was the first active communications satellite, the first satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications, as well as the first privately owned satellite. Its name is used to this day for a number of television broadcasting satellites.
Belonging to AT&T, the original Telstar was part of a multi-national agreement between AT&T, Bell Telephone Laboratories, NASA, the British General Post Office, and the French National PTT (Post & Telecom Office) to develop satellite communication. Bell also built the Earth Station in Andover, and held a contract with NASA, reimbursing the agency 3 million dollars for each launch, independent of success.
Launched by NASA aboard a Delta rocket from Cape Canaveral on July 10, 1962, Telstar was the first privately sponsored space launch. A medium-altitude satellite, Telstar was placed in an elliptical orbit (completed once every 2 hours and 37 minutes), rotating at a 45 degree angle above the equator. Because of this, its transmission availability for transatlantic signals was only 20 minutes in each orbit.
Telstar relayed its first television pictures (of a flag outside its ground station in Andover, Maine) on the date of its launch. Almost two weeks later, on July 23, it relayed the first live transatlantic television signal. During that evening it also dealt with the first telephone call transmitted through space and successfully transmitted faxes, data, and both live and taped television, including the first live transmission of television across an ocean (to Pleumeur-Bodou, in France). John F. Kennedy, then President of the United States, gave a live transatlantic press conference via Telstar.
The satellite was built by a team at Bell Telephone Laboratories. It was roughly spherical, was 34.5 inches (880 mm) long, and weighed 170 lb (77 kg). Its dimensions were limited by what would fit in one of NASA's Delta rockets. The team calculated the orbital path and located the US ground station accordingly in the US State of Maine.
Telstar was equipped with a helical antenna which received microwave signals from a ground station, then amplified and rebroadcast the signal. When received back on the ground again, the signal was only a nanowatt or so in strength and a maser amplifier was therefore used to increase signal detection ability.
Telstar, which had ushered in a new age of the benevolent use of technology, actually became a victim of the belligerent uses of technology during the Cold War. The day before Telstar was launched, the United States tested a high-altitude nuclear device (called the Starfish Prime) which super-energized the Earth's Van Allen Belt where Telstar took orbit. This vast increase in radiation, combined with further increases during subsequent high-altitude blasts overwhelmed Telstar's fragile transistors, and it went out of service on February 21, 1963. Experiments continued, and by 1964, two Telstars, two Relay units (from RCA), and two Syncom units (from the Hughes Aircraft Company) had operated successfully in space. Syncom 2 was the first geosynchronous satellite and its successor, Syncom 3, broadcasted pictures from the 1964 Summer Olympics. The first commercial geosynchronous satellite was Intelsat 1 ("Early Bird") launched in 1965.
The next wave of Telstar satellites launched with Telstar 301 in 1983, and was followed by Telstar 302 in 1984 and Telstar 303 in 1985.
The next wave, starting with Telstar 401 came in 1993 and was lost in 1997 from a magnetic storm and Telstar 402 was launched but destroyed shortly after in 1994. It was replaced in 1995 by Telstar 402R, eventually renamed Telstar 4.
Telstars 5–7 and 10–13 are presently (2004) operated by Loral Skynet. Telstar-8 is being manufactured by Space Systems/Loral and is due to launch in 2004.
Telstar 18 was launched in June, 2004 by Sea Launch. The upper stage of the rocket underperformed, but the satellite used its significant stationkeeping fuel margin to raise the orbit, compensating this; it has enough on-board fuel remaining that will allow it to exceed its specified 13-year life.
Joe Meek composed a popular instrumental recording in 1962, named Telstar after the satellite; it was performed by The Tornados. Sound effects on the record, intended to symbolize radio signals, were produced by Meek running a pen around the rim of an ashtray, and then playing the tape of it in reverse.
In the Netherlands, a football club formed from a merger was named SC Telstar after the satellites.
In the United States the heavy metal band Helstar took their name partly from the satellite as well.
In Belgium, the Belgo-Dutch rock trio Telstar base their name on the Joe Meek song.
The Telstar was also the name of a Ford car sold in Asia, Australasia and Southern Africa.