Syntactic ambiguity
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Syntactic ambiguity is a property of sentences which may be parsed in more that one way. It may or may not involve one word having two parts of speech or homonyms. Here are some examples:
Bear left at zoo. (Do you turn left when you get to the zoo, or did someone leave a bear there?)
I'm going to sleep. ("Going" can be a verb with destination "sleep" or an auxiliary indicating near future. There is little difference in meaning between the two parses.)
The word of the Lord came to Zechariah, son of Berekiah, son of Iddo, the prophet. (Which of the three is the prophet?)
British Left Waffles on Falklands (Did the British leave waffles behind, or was there waffling by the British Left?)
The cow was found by a stream by a farmer. (The farmer found the cow; she was located by a stream.)
An important example in the field of computer natural language processing is Time flies like an arrow. Although humans unambiguously understand it to mean "Time flies in the same way that an arrow does," it could also mean
- "Measure the speed of flies as you would for an arrow,"
- "Measure the speed of flies as an arrow would," or even
- "A kind of fly, the time fly, likes arrows."
(As Groucho Marx is said to have observed, "Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.")
For philosophical considerations of ambiguity, see ambiguity.