Synecdoche
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Synecdoche (pronounced sin-EK-duh-kee) is a figure of speech that presents a kind of metonymy in which:
- A part of something is used for the whole,
- The whole is used for a part,
- The species is used for the genus,
- The genus is used for the species, or
- The stuff of which something is made is used for the thing.
Synecdoche, as well as other forms of metonymy, is one of the most common ways to characterize a fictional character. Frequently, someone will be consistently described by a single body part or feature, such as the eyes, which comes to represent their person.
Also, sonnets and other forms of love poetry frequently use synecdoches to characterize the beloved in terms of individual body parts rather than a whole, coherent self. This practice is especially common in the Petrarchan sonnet, where the idealised beloved is often described part by part, from head to toe.
Examples
- A part of something is used for the whole
- "hands" to refer to workers, "head" for cattle, "threads" for clothing, "wheels" for car, "mouths to feed" for hungry people
- The whole is used for a part
- "the police" for a handful of officers, "body" for the trunk of the body, the "smiling year" for spring, "the Pentagon" for the top-ranking generals in the Pentagon building
- The species is used for the genus
- "cutthroat" for assassin, "kleenex" for facial tissue, "castle" for home, "bread" for food
- The genus is used for the species
- "creature" for person, "personal computer" for IBM-compatible personal computer, "milk" for cow's milk
- The stuff of which something is made is used for the thing
- "hickory" for baseball bat, "copper" for penny, "boards" for stage, "ivories" for piano keys, "plastic" for credit card