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- Rio de Janeiro (14538 bytes)
13: ...e Europeans thought at first the Bay of Guanabara was actually the mouth of a river, they called it "R...
15: ...st invaders - neighbor [[Niter, for instance, was founded by a native chief for supporting defense...
17: ... westwards, an urban movement which lasts until nowadays.
19: ...the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved to Rio.
21: ...y European capital outside of Europe. Since there was no physical space nor urban structure to accommo... - Steel (28384 bytes)
8: ...h as carbon. This process, known as [[smelting]], was first applied to metals with lower [[melting]] p...
11: ...rite phase, resulting in an excess of carbon. One way for carbon to leave the austenite is for [[cemen...
15: ...orms, then '''[[quenching]]''' the hot metal in [[water]] or [[oil]], cooling it so rapidly that the t...
26: Iron was in limited use long before it became possible to...
28: ...haeological sites more than 1000 miles (1600 km) away. When the [[United States|American]] polar expl... - Puritan (15882 bytes)
4: ... "[[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]]": Puritanism was a movement rather than a denomination.
5: ...ry the group had become so divided that "Puritan" was most often used by opponents and detractors of t...
8: ...wards Elizabeth's religious [[via media]] (middle way).
12: ...relatively radical Protestants. As a group, they wanted the Church of England to resemble more closel...
16: The issue of church hierarchy was difficult, and Elizabeth sponsored [[Richard Hoo... - Maria Theresa of Austria (8450 bytes)
1: ...sa of Spain]], a less known relative of hers, who was the queen consort of [[Louis XIV of France]].''
4: ...ted [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]]. She was undoubtedly one of the most powerful women of he...
6: ...it was issued, on Charles' death ([[1740]]) the [[War of Austrian Succession]] began.
8: ...o Louis, heir apparent to the king of France, who was later crowned [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis X...
22: *HI&RH Archduchess Marie Johanna (1750-1762) - Denis Diderot (13048 bytes)
3:
7: ...adame Puisieux and with Sophie Voland, to whom he was constant for the rest of her life. His letters t...
14: ...comprehensive freedom with which Diderot felt his way round any subject that he approached, that in th...
16: ...nes]]. Here he remained for three months; then he was released, to enter upon the gigantic undertaking...
25: ...ast of the letterpress was issued in 1765, but it was 1772 before the subscribers received the final v... - History of sculpture (6101 bytes)
6: ...sed for pottery and terra cotta sculpture. Stone was generally rare and had to be imported from other...
11: ...eign of [[Hammurabi]], in [[1750 BC]]. Hammurabi was famous for his [[Code of Hammurabi|code of law]]...
13: ... at [[Nimrud]] (in northern [[Mesopotamia]]), and was donated to the [[New York Metropolitan Museum of...
16: ...e palette, which was used for mixing eye make-up, was carved in relief, and portrayed the victory of [...
18: ... It is about 60 feet high and 240 feet long, and was built in 2500 BC. - Horn (instrument) (19243 bytes)
2: ...een known as the '''French horn''' since at least 1750, although this usage is uncommon among players of...
12: ...uide his steed. The only way to change the pitch was to use the natural [[harmonic]]s of that particu...
14: ... Now the pitch played could be changed in several ways. First the player could change the harmonic se...
21: ...e became increasingly precise. An early solution was simply to use a horn of higher pitch -- usually ...
23: ...the horn player can quickly switch from the deep, warm tones of the F horn to the higher, brighter ton... - Timeline of invention (28171 bytes)
6: * 2.4 MYA: [[Oldowan|Stone tools]] in [[Africa]]
34: ...ntury BC|3800s BC]]: [[Sweet Track|Engineered roadway]] in [[England]]
55: * [[Water clock]] in [[History of ancient Egypt|Egypt]]
110: * [[1510]]: [[Pocket watch]]: [[Peter Henlein]]
138: * [[1750]]: [[Flatboat]]: [[Jacob Yoder]] - List of painters (54090 bytes)
28: *[[Oswald Achenbach]] ([[1827]]-[[1905]])
48: *[[Washington Allston]] ([[1779]]-[[1843]])
90: *[[Edward Mitchell Bannister]] ([[1828]]-[[1901]])
147: *[[Anna Bilinska-Bohdanowiczowa]] ([[1857]]-[[1893]])
471: *[[John William Godward]] ([[1861]]-[[1922]]) - Ming Dynasty (65624 bytes)
2: ...pe]]. Some historians argue that Early Ming China was the most advanced nation on Earth at the time.
6: ...projects. In Late Yuan times, Chinese agriculture was a mess. When hundreds of thousands of Chinese ci...
10: ...cracy. Simply put, maintaining a strong military was essential since the Mongols were still a threat....
12: ..., fragmented, and rented out; and private slavery was forbidden. Consequently, after the death of [[Y...
14: ... merit and knowledge of literature and philosophy was revamped. Candidates for posts in the civil ser... - Prehistory (4111 bytes)
17: ...ne (in particular [[flint]]) was more durable and was increasingly easily shaped for use as cutting to...
27: ...oppings and creating alloys such as bronze, which was much harder than any metal to be found in nature...
31: ...til the coming of the Europeans, between 1500 and 1750 CE. - Uranus (15207 bytes)
145: ...argest by diameter and fourth largest by mass. It was named after the [[Greek mythology|Greek god]] [[...
149: ...us (like [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]]) is in many ways similar to the cores of [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupi...
153: ...e of Uranus' orbit the orientation of the poles towards the Sun is reversed. Between these two extreme...
155: ...ger 2]]'s passage in [[1986]], Uranus' south pole was pointed almost directly at the Sun. Note that th...
164: ...ectrically conductive, super-pressurized ocean of water and ammonia once thought to lie between the co... - January 1 (18244 bytes)
1: ...2]], January 1 was called ''New Year's Day'', and was, with [[Christmas]] and occasionally [[Twelfth N...
24: *[[1863]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Emancipation Proclamation]] takes effec...
33: *[[1901]] - The British colonies of [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Vict...
46: *[[1945]] - [[Bahawalpur State]] issues its first stamps.
48: **[[United Kingdom|British]] railways are [[Nationalisation|nationalised]] to form [[... - Polar bear (6417 bytes)
15: ...(900 to 1300 lbs) and occasionally exceed 800 kg (1750 lbs). Females are about half the size of males an...
22: ... a human. Other prey include [[beluga whale]]s, [[walrus]]es and [[rodent]]s. As a pure carnivore pre...
24: ...en 1995 and 2005. The decrease in several regions was caused by hunting, not by climate change [http:/...
26: ...er of 1979. They were cured by washing the algae away in a salt solution.
28: ...s, box with each other, and dunk one another underwater. When the female makes her den she makes it on... - List of popes (77758 bytes)
1091: | <small>1st Term; abdicated for financial reward</small>
1856: ===From 1750===
1981: | <small>[[Wadowice]], [[Poland]]</small>
2000: ...clude him and claim that the previous German pope was [[Pope Stephen X]].) Oldest to become pope since...
2004: ...ht|thumb|[[His Holiness]] '''Pope Benedict XVI''' was elected in a [[Papal conclave, 2005|papal concla... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward [[progress]] and out of a long period of doubtf...
6: ...tury philosophy, which was closely related to it, was characterized by a focus on belief and piety. So...
14: ...knowledge." This goal in the Age of Reason, which was built on self-evident axioms, reached its height...
16: ... program" (Cassirer 1979: 121–123). There was a wave of change across European thinking at this time...
18: ...ruth that is more provisional, but in that era it was a powerful notion which turned on its head the p... - History of astronomy (13532 bytes)
2: ..., and not completely separate from it until about 1750‑1800 in the [[Western World]]. Early astron...
8: ...and that their understanding of the "[[heaven]]s" was seen as "[[divinity|divine]]", hence astronomy's...
14: ...and that of the [[vernal equinox]] in Orion; this was the case around 4500 BC. Fire altars, with astro...
18: ...c astrology]] that has been dated to [[1350 BC]], was written by [[Lagadha]].
22: [[Brahmagupta]] (598-668) was the head of the astronomical observatory at [[Uj... - Hittites (17910 bytes)
5: The Hittite kingdom, or at least its core region, was apparently called '''Hatti''' in the reconstruct...
14: ...chibald Sayce]] proposed that the Anatolian Hatti was identical with the "kingdom of Kheta" mentioned ...
17: ...n Society of Berlin. His book about his discovery was printed in [[Leipzig]] in [[1917]], with the tit...
21: ...own as the [[Hittite language]], even though that was not what its speakers had called it (see below).
23: ... Hattusa have been under way since [[1932]], with wartime interruptions. - Benjamin Franklin (22881 bytes)
2: ...sponded with members of the [[Lunar Society]] and was also elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]]. ...
9: ...farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in [[Nantucket]], [[Massachusetts]] on [[Au...
21: ...his father had, he produced 17 children. Benjamin was the youngest son. His schooling ended at ten an...
23: ...as not satisfied, however, and after a few months was induced by Pennsylvania Governor [[William Keith...
38: ... from a storm cloud, which implied that lightning was electrical. See, for example, the [[1805]] paint... - March 21 (10586 bytes)
7: ...ing an armed conflict, [[Pope Pius VII|Pius VII]] was [[Papal Coronation|crowned Pope]] in [[Venice]] ...
8: * [[1801]] - The [[Battle of Alexandria]] was fought between [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[...
9: *[[1804]] - [[Napoleonic code|Code Napol鯮]] was adopted as [[France|French]] [[civil law]].
13: *[[1918]] - [[World War I]]: [[Battle of the Somme (1918)|Second Battle ...
17: *[[1945]] - [[World War II]]: [[United Kingdom|British]] troops liberate...
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