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- Steel (28384 bytes)
8: ...h as carbon. This process, known as [[smelting]], was first applied to metals with lower [[melting]] p...
11: ...rite phase, resulting in an excess of carbon. One way for carbon to leave the austenite is for [[cemen...
15: ...orms, then '''[[quenching]]''' the hot metal in [[water]] or [[oil]], cooling it so rapidly that the t...
26: Iron was in limited use long before it became possible to...
28: ...haeological sites more than 1000 miles (1600 km) away. When the [[United States|American]] polar expl... - Maria Theresa of Austria (8450 bytes)
1: ...sa of Spain]], a less known relative of hers, who was the queen consort of [[Louis XIV of France]].''
4: ...ted [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]]. She was undoubtedly one of the most powerful women of he...
6: ...it was issued, on Charles' death ([[1740]]) the [[War of Austrian Succession]] began.
8: ...o Louis, heir apparent to the king of France, who was later crowned [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis X...
12: ...], and [[King of Bohemia|Queen of Bohemia]]: 1737-1740 - Anna of Russia (5221 bytes)
3: ...to 1730 and as Empress of [[Russia]] from 1730 to 1740.
7: ...ver remarried after the death of her husband, but was reputed by her enemies to indulge in a love affa...
19: ...xecuted several months before Anna's death. Biren was sufficiently prudent not to meddle with foreign ...
24: ... natural and legitimate southern boundaries which was brought to fruition by [[Catherine the Great]]. ...
28: ...and nephew, [[Ivan VI]], should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, [[I... - Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
3: ...Germans in the government and not a single person was executed during her reign.
7: ...nd [[Catherine I of Russia|Martha Skavronskaya]], was born at [[Kolomenskoye]], near [[Moscow]], on th...
9: ...leisure to devote to her training, and her mother was too illiterate to superintend her studies. She h...
11: It was Peter's intention to marry his second daughter t...
13: ...scent nephew [[Peter II of Russia|Peter II]], who was rumoured to be her lover. The [[Dolgorukov]]s, w... - Scientific revolution (17675 bytes)
1: ...hat the proper start of the scientific revolution was the publication of ''De revolutionibus orbium co...
3: ...y [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]]; at its end, science was [[mathematics|mathematical]], [[mechanics|mechan...
7: ...from different conceptions of what the revolution was; some of the rancor and cross-purposes in such d...
9: ...concern here with "other narratives" or alternate ways of knowing, or the like.
11: ...f view is presented by the historian of science Howard Margolis as part of a larger (and controversial... - Sheng (instrument) (1217 bytes)
5: ...re known in Europe centuries earlier. However, it was only in the early [[1800s]] that Amiot's sheng i... - Iraq (19222 bytes)
1: ...e [[Persian Gulf]]. A new transitional government was elected in January [[2005]], following the March...
25: | '''[[Area]]'''<br> - Total <br> - % water || [[List of countries by area|Ranked 57th]] <...
38: ...[[Mawtini]]'' (Words by: Ibrahim Touqan Music by: Walid George Gholmieh) Note: The [[Kurds]] use [[Ey ...
49: ...of [[Kuwait]] in [[1990]] resulting in the [[Gulf War]] and the [[United Nations]]-imposed [[economic ...
54: ...arliament]], the National Assembly or ''Majlis al-Watani'', had 250 seats and its members were elected... - Afghanistan (23568 bytes)
3: ...nistan]] and the [[2003 Loya jirga]], Afghanistan was referred to by the West as the ''Transitional Is...
5: ...1604;ت اسلامی افغانست...
27: | '''[[Area]]'''<br> - Total: <br> - % water:
62: ...[1746]] under the [[Durrani Empire]], but control was ceded to the [[United Kingdom]] until King [[Ama...
64: ...he Abdali tribe of the ethnic Afghans, whose name was changed to Durrani upon the accession of [[Ahmad... - Vermont (39851 bytes)
17: WaterArea = 949 |
18: PCWater = 3.8 |
38: ...er the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. Famous for its scenery, [[dairy]] products an...
42: ... it the 43rd largest in land area and the 47th in water area.
44: ...tate's geographic center is [[Washington, Vermont|Washington]], three miles east of [[Roxbury, Vermont... - List of inventors (14020 bytes)
14: *[[Edward Asselbergs]],(1927 - June, 1996)of the [[Canada...
36: ...1-1787) — [[Croatia]], ring-[[micrometer]], water [[telescope]]
37: *[[Walter Houser Brattain]], (born 1902), US co-invento...
48: *[[Wallace Carothers]], (1896-1937) — [[Nylon]]
49: *[[George Washington Carver]], (1860-1943), plant scientist - Politics (7193 bytes)
9:
11:
18: ...vernment was tribal organization. Rule by elders was supplanted by monarchy, and a system of [[Feudal...
21: ...ernance by the governed. However, this democracy was limited to free, male, landholders.
23: ...significant innovation in types of government. It was an early example of a [[bicameral]] legislative ... - Timeline of United States pre-history (1700-1759) (3760 bytes)
1: ...umb|Rev. Jonathan Edwards, a leader of the Great Awakening, is still remembered for his sermon "Sinner...
6: *[[1702]] - [[Queen Anne's War]] (War of the Spanish Succession) begins
10: *[[1713]] - Queen Anne's War ends with the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty ...
17: ...ching of [[Jonathan Edwards (theology)|Jonathan Edwards]]
19: ...colonies ([[1739]]-[[1741]]) to preach the Great Awakening - Colonial America (32872 bytes)
9: ...hnologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
11: ...ristopher Columbus]] left Spain on his famous westward voyage. He sought for Asia, but the lands he c...
16: ...r, the motivation behind the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable. Practical considerations...
22: ... the coast of today's [[North Carolina]] by Sir [[Walter Raleigh]]. The second resupply ship, delayed...
25: The first truly successful English colony was established in [[1607]], in a region called [[Vi... - Sundial (16148 bytes)
4: ...sundial-st-remy-of-provence.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Wall sundial]]
18: ...mon]] of a standard sundial is the only practical way to install a mass-produced garden sundial so tha...
72: ...t|Wall sundial on East-facing wall, Prague, about 1740]]
74: ... One sturdy method is to paint the sundial on the wall, and construct the gnomon as a tripod of metal ...
76: ...part of the year in which the sun illuminates the wall. They are very similar to garden sundials. Th... - List of popes (77758 bytes)
1091: | <small>1st Term; abdicated for financial reward</small>
1841: | <small>[[12 July]] [[1730]] to [[6 February]] [[1740]]</small>
1848: | <small>[[17 August]] [[1740]] to [[3 May]] [[1758]]</small>
1981: | <small>[[Wadowice]], [[Poland]]</small>
2000: ...clude him and claim that the previous German pope was [[Pope Stephen X]].) Oldest to become pope since... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...and regarded their purpose as leading the world toward [[progress]] and out of a long period of doubtf...
6: ...tury philosophy, which was closely related to it, was characterized by a focus on belief and piety. So...
14: ...knowledge." This goal in the Age of Reason, which was built on self-evident axioms, reached its height...
16: ... program" (Cassirer 1979: 121–123). There was a wave of change across European thinking at this time...
18: ...ruth that is more provisional, but in that era it was a powerful notion which turned on its head the p... - List of sculptors (9151 bytes)
18: *[[John Bacon]] (1740 - 1799)
99: *[[Edward Onslow Ford]] (1852 - 1901)
153: *[[J. Seward Johnson, Jr.]] (1930 - )
159: *[[Jawad Saleem]](1920-1961)
233: *[[Edward Clark Potter]] (1857 - 1923) - Montgolfier brothers (3356 bytes)
3: ...'''Joseph-Michel Montgolfier''' ([[August 26]], [[1740]] – [[June 26]], [[1810]]) and '''Jacques-É...
11: ...n the effects of the air at higher altitude. This was performed at [[Versailles]], before [[Louis XVI ...
15: ...r 21]], [[1783]], the first free flight by humans was made by [[Pilâtre de Rozier]] and the [[marquis...
22: ...re superseded by [[hydrogen]] gas balloons. This was followed by further flights, including a crossin... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
175: *[[Walter Benjamin]], (1892-1940){{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
195: *[[Harry Binswanger]], (born 1944)
238: *[[Thomas Bradwardine]], (c. 1290-1349){{fn|R}}
239: *[[Richard-Bevan Braithwaite]], (1900-1990){{fn|O}}
276: *[[Walter Burley]], (c. 1275-c. 1345){{fn|C}}{{fn|R}} - Celsius (3635 bytes)
18: ...ns (1743), and the botanist [[Carolus Linnaeus]] (1740); also independently invented the same measuremen...
20: ...erence in temperature between the triple point of water and [[absolute zero]]. This definition ensures...
22: ... that the boiling point should be 0 degrees. This was reversed in [[1747]], at the instigation of [[Ca...
24: ...ld for day-to-day purposes. In broadcast media it was still frequently referred to as centigrade until...
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