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1. Organism (3272 bytes)
   1: ...a way that they function as a more or less stable whole and have properties of [[life]].
   3: ...ed a major missing link in evolutionary history. Two eukaryotic [[organelle]]s, namely [[mitochondria...
   5: ...hrase ''complex organism'' describes any organism with more than one cell.
   8: Characteristics common to many organisms include:
   12: * [[Growth]]

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1. Reproduction (2286 bytes)
   5: ...different adult sexes, [[male]] and [[female]]. New individuals are produced by the fusion of haploid...
   6: ...are capable of [[vegetative reproduction]]. Other ways of asexual reproduction are [[binary fission]]...
   8: There are a wide range of reproductive strategies employed by d...
   10: ...t need to spend parental energy on nurturing, allowing more energy to be devoted to survival and more...
   12: ...fspring). Which strategy is favoured depends on a wide range of circumstances.
2. Botany (8977 bytes)
   1: ...nge of scientific disciplines that study the [[growth]], [[reproduction]], [[metabolism]], [[morphoge...
   4: [[Image:pomegranate-cut-in-half-with-seeds-photo.jpg|400px|thumb]]
   6: [[Image:Dandelion-with-dew.jpg|400px|thumb]]
   9: ...ach of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification ([[taxonomy]]), structure (...
   11: ...cteria, fungi, and algae are usually covered, somewhat superficially, in introductory botany courses....
3. Respiratory system (5107 bytes)
   1: ...atory system''' is the biological system of any [[organism]] that engages in [[gas exchange]]. Even trees h...
   4: ...ystem consists of the [[lungs]], the [[bronchi]], which lead to the lungs, and the chest structures. ...
   9: *The [[trachea]], an air tube that connects with the bronchi
   11: *The [[bronchiole]]s, branches of the bronchi which distribute air to the alveoli
   15: *The [[alveoli]], terminal sacs in which gas exchange occurs
4. Excretory system (572 bytes)
   1: ... [[excretion]], the bodily process of discharging wastes.
   13: ** [[Sweat]]
5. Digestion (4206 bytes)
   1: ...rient]]s. Digestion occurs at the [[multicellular organism|multicellular]], [[cell (biology)|cellular]], and...
   3: ...ngestion]] of the raw materials, most often other organisms. The process of ingestion usually involves some...
   9: ...y mixed with [[acid]] and other digestive enzymes with [[digestive fluid]] to further decompose it ch...
   11: ...arge intestine, water is reabsorbed, and leftover waste is excreted by [[defaecation]].
   15: ...ulose]] in plants. [[Ruminant]]s, for example [[cow]]s and [[sheep]], have a specialised four-chamber...
6. Immune system (14564 bytes)
   1: ...s the [[skin]]). In the narrow sense, many higher organisms have organs dedicated to the maintenance of immu...
   3: ...oxious influences, and the latter responding to new influences by mounting an immune response.
   6: ... provides useful insights into immunology, higher organisms (such as [[mammal]]s) have immune systems of inc...
   8: ...|bacteria]], [[parasite]]s), some [[poison]]s, as well as suppressing [[cancer]].
   11: .... Distinguishing between self and non-self and between harmful non-self and harmless non-self is a di...
7. Eye (21834 bytes)
   1: ... in [[human]]s; or on different planes producing two separate "images" ([[monocular vision]]), such a...
   5: |[[image:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|thumb|Diagram of a [[human]] eye. N...
   9: ... embryonic development, while mollusk eyes grow inward from skin cells.
   11: ...such sensors, which are arranged hexagonally, and which can give a full 360 degree field of vision. C...
   13: ...es. The number of lenses in such an eye varies, however: some trilobites had only one, and some had t...
8. Ovary (3278 bytes)
   3: '''Ovaries''' are a part of a [[female]] organism that produces [[Ovum|egg]]s.
   7: ...have only one functioning ovary; [[snake]]s have two, one in front of the other.
   9: ... [[sperm]]. A fertilized egg resulting from union with a sperm becomes a [[zygote]] and then an [[emb...
   15: ...y form. Small ovarian cysts are common in healthy women but large cysts can be an advanced manifestat...
   21: ...le(s) become the seed(s). Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries.
9. Phylogenetics (1643 bytes)
   1: ...ical]] classification of [[organism]]s based on how closely they are related in terms of [[evolution]...
   4: ...to determine the ancestral relationships among known species (both living and [[extinct]]), and the m...
   6: ..., explains them using evolutionary theory, and views them as supporting evidence for that theory. See...
   18: * [http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html The Tree of Life]
   19: * [http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/ PhyloCode]
10. Exoskeleton (3839 bytes)
    1: ...r]]s, for example, have tough outer shell systems which provide rigidity and shape to their bodies.
    3: ...man exoskeletons are a feature of science fiction writing.
    18: ...ey shed their exoskeleton and replace it with a new, larger one.
    20: ...ht to surface-area ratio; or whenever organism growth requires an enlarged exoskeleton.
    27: ...ing. An "Orthotist" is the name given to a person who designs and fits an orthosis.
11. Biological life cycle (3738 bytes)
    1: ...[diploid]] phases (''n'' and ''2n''). The haploid organism becomes diploid through [[fertilization]]s of [[g...
    3: ...r phase). Sporic meiosis, on the other hand, has two meiosis events ('''diplobiontic'''): one in each...
    9: ...ulticellular individuals, or more haploid cells. Two opposite types of gametes (e.g., male and female...
    11: In the whole cycle, zygotes are the only diploid cell; mit...
    22: ...gametes would fuse and produce the diploid zygote with gametes of the opposite type.
12. Ploidy (4598 bytes)
    1: ...er''' (x). The ploidy of cells can vary within an organism. In humans, most cells are diploid (containing o...
    3: ...oid number''' is the normal number of chromosomes within a cell for a species, for example the euploi...
    8: ...e term '''monoploid''' can be used interchangably with haploid.
    10: ...led [[alternation of generations]]. Most diploid organisms produce haploid sex cells that can combine to fo...
    13: ...matic cell|somatic cells]] (body cells) of higher organisms are diploid.
13. Chromosome (12667 bytes)
    1: ...t>. The point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm. (4) L...
    2: ...and their behavior later described in detail by [[Walther Flemming]] in [[1882]]. In [[1910]], [[Thom...
    5: ...h chromosome has one [[centromere]], with one or two arms projecting from the centromere. The ends of...
    8: ...A also exists as [[plasmid]]s. The distinction between plasmids and chromosomes is poorly defined, th...
    11: Two types of [[chromatin]] can be distinguished:
14. Queen bee (6221 bytes)
    1: ...y, there is normally only one adult, mated queen, who is the mother of the bees of the hive, although...
    6: ...ecause she is given a specially constructed cell, which is larger than the cells of normal brood comb...
    8: ...|thumb|left|Queen cell opened to show queen pupa (with darkening eyes).]]
    29: ...f the comb), constructed by the workers when they want to replace the queen - a process called [[supe...
    30: ...the colony is intending to [[swarming (honeybee)|swarm]];
15. Parasite (2795 bytes)
    1: ...res that the host benefit from the interaction as well as the parasite.
    4: Organisms whose life cycle guarantees the death of the host a...
    5: A few parasites have hosts which are themselves parasites. These are called ''...
    11: *'''Endoparasites''' (''endo'' = within; parasites that live inside their hosts)
    18: *** [[Dracunculiasis]] (Guinea Worm Disease)
16. Zebrafish (375 bytes)
    1: ...ish''' applies to several different kinds of fish with striped bodies considered to resemble a [[zebr...
    3: ...'' or the Zebra Danio, is a commonly used [[model organism]] in studies of [[biological development]].
17. Fossil (5231 bytes)
    3: ...and sedimentary layers ([[Stratum|strata]]) is known as the [[fossil record]]. The study of fossils i...
    5: ... is derived from the [[Latin]] word ''fossilis'', which means "to be dug up".
    9: ...wever there are exceptions to this, such as if an organism becomes [[petrifaction|petrified]] or comes to re...
    11: ...of the marks left behind by the organism while it was alive, such as the footprint of a [[dinosaur]] ...
    15: The oldest known structured fossils are most likely [[stromatolit...
18. Honey (11666 bytes)
    4: ... includes, but is not limited to, water or other sweeteners.
    6: ...e people to prefer it over [[sugar]] and other [[sweetener]]s.
    8: ... moisture content remains under 18%, virtually no organism can successfully multiply to significant amounts ...
    10: The study of [[pollen]]s and [[spore]]s in raw honey ([[melissopalynology]]) can determine flora...
    14: ...m|kg]]/[[metre|m³]] (50% denser than [[water]]).
19. Body (1664 bytes)
    1: ...sical''' material of an individual, and contrasts with [[soul]], [[personality]] and [[behavior]].
    2: ...stool]], both while residing in the body and afterwards.
    5: ...nd the [[genitals]] of the groin, which differ between [[male]]s and [[female]]s.
    7: The study of the working of a body is [[human anatomy|anatomy]].
    9: "Body" often is used in connection with [[appearance]], [[health]] issues and [[death]...
20. Fish (5349 bytes)
    1: ...harengus'', the most abundant fish species in the world.]]
    3: ...es including [[shark]]s and [[ray (fish)|ray]]s), with the remainder classed as [[bony fish]] (class ...
    5: ... come in different sizes, from the 14 m (45 ft) [[whale shark]] to a 7 mm (just over 1/4 of an inch) ...
    7: ...res elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. Endothermy, though metabolical...
    11: ... usage of the two words is similar to that of the words "people" and "peoples".

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