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- Gastrointestinal tract (16596 bytes)
2: ...ct energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.
12: ...res]] long (25 [[feet]]) and consists of the following components:
16: *[[Stomach]], which includes the [[antrum]] and [[pylorus]]
17: *'''Bowel or [[Intestine]]''':
18: **[[small intestine]], which has three parts: - Digestion (4206 bytes)
1: '''Digestion''' is the process whereby a biological entity processes a substance, ...
3: ...estive system]], following [[ingestion]] of the raw materials, most often other organisms. The proce...
9: ...y mixed with [[acid]] and other digestive enzymes with [[digestive fluid]] to further decompose it ch...
11: ...arge intestine, water is reabsorbed, and leftover waste is excreted by [[defaecation]].
15: ...ulose]] in plants. [[Ruminant]]s, for example [[cow]]s and [[sheep]], have a specialised four-chamber... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ... or ''hepatic'' from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for liver, ''hepar''.
5: ... 2.5 [[kilogram]]s, and is a soft, reddish-brown "wedge-shaped" organ. It is the largest organ in the...
7: The liver is supplied by two major blood vessels: the [[hepatic artery]] and ...
9: ...uct. The cystic duct (from the gallbladder) joins with the common hepatic duct to form the common bil...
11: ...e as 25% of remaining liver can regenerate into a whole liver again. - Food (24212 bytes)
8: [[Western world|Western]] food law recognises four categories of object as food:
9: ..., or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans whether of nutritional value or not;
10: *[[water]] and other [[drink]]s;
11: *[[chewing gum]];
15: *[http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm US federal definition of food... - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
1: ...hat will be secreted from the cell, and sort them within [[vesicle (biology)|vesicle]]s. Thus, it fu...
3: ...ukaryotic cell]]s, but tends to be more prominent where there are a lot of substances, such as [[enzy...
9: ...the middle while the ''trans'' face is directed towards the [[plasma membrane]] (Fig. 1). The cis and...
13: ...ids, proteins, etc., and controls their export as well.
15: ...phosphorylation]]. The proteins are also labelled with a sequence of molecules according to their fin... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
1: ...smic reticulum''' or '''ER''' (endoplasmic means "within the [[cytoplasm]]", reticulum means "little ...
3: ...r]]s and other [[integral membrane protein]]s) as well as proteins that are to be secreted or "[[exoc...
19: ...e ER is continuous with the space in between the two layers of the nuclear envelope.
21: ...e freshly produced proteins directly into the ER, which processes them and then passes them on to the...
28: ...zed most of them leave to the [[Golgi apparatus]] within [[vesicle (biology)|vesicle]]s. The rough ER... - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
1: ...gestion due to its unique internal 3-D structures which prevent enzymatic action{{ref|Campbell}}.
4: *[[Lipase]], which digests [[lipid]]s,
5: *[[Carbohydrate]]s, which digest [[carbohydrate]]s (e.g., sugars),
6: *[[Protease]]s, which digest [[protein]]s,
7: *[[Nuclease]]s, which digest [[nucleic acid]]s. - Organic chemistry (4970 bytes)
6: ...reed to have started in [[1828]] with [[Friedrich Woehler]]'s [[synthesis]] of the organic, biologica...
10: ...elow 300?C. They tend to be less [[soluble]] in [[water]] compared to many inorganic [[salts]]. In c...
26: ...terocyclic compounds are cyclic organic molecules whose ring(s) contain at least one [[heteroatom]]. ...
31: ...icyclic compound]]s - [[Amide]]s - [[Amine]]s - [[Carbohydrate]]s - [[Carboxylic acid]]s - [[Ester]]s - [[Ether]...
35: ...r. Polymers are a subset of "[[macromolecules]]" which is just a classification for all molecules th... - Nutrition (42689 bytes)
2: ...'' is a science which studies the relationship between [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and states of [[heal...
4: ...s [[scurvy]], [[obesity]] or [[osteoporosis]], as well as psychological and behavioral problems. More...
5: ...ience of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.
7: ==Overview==
8: ...ds]]), [[nucleic acids]] ([[DNA]]/[[RNA]]), and [[carbohydrate]]s (e.g. [[sugars]]). These compounds in turn con... - Glucagon (2581 bytes)
2: ...as a [[molecular weight]] of 3485 [[dalton]]s and was discovered in [[1923]] by Kimball and Murlin.
10: ...he [[1970]]s when a specific [[radioimmunoassay]] was developed.
15: ...atocytes causing the [[liver]] to release glucose which is stored in the form of [[glycogen]]. As the...
18: ... [[cancer]]s such as [[glucagonoma]], symptoms of which include [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[necrolyti...
22: ...e is glycogen stored in liver cells, and it won't work again until those stores are replenished. - Vitamin (5982 bytes)
1: ...requires in trace quantities for good health, but which the organism cannot synthesize, and therefore...
3: ... all vitamins were amines. Though this is now known to be incorrect, the name has stuck.
7: ...[[liver]] would help cure night blindness, now known to be caused by a [[Vitamin A]] deficiency. In ...
9: ...n that not all vitamins were [[amine]]s, the word was ubiquitous. In [[1920]], [[Jack Cecil Drummond...
11: Throughout the early [[1900]]s, scientists were able to isolate and identify a number of vitam... - Boron (9084 bytes)
1: ...=[[beryllium]] | right=[[carbon]] | above=- | below=[[aluminium|Al]] | color1=#cccc99 | color2=black ...
29: {{Elementbox_thermalcond_wpmkat300k | 27.4 }}
40: ...n="center" | *<small>Boron-10 content may be as low as 19.1% and as<br />high as 20.3% in natural sam...
44: ...lotrope]]s of boron; amorphous boron is a brown powder, but metallic boron is black. The metallic for...
47: ... often behave as [[Lewis acid]]s, readily bonding with electron-rich substances in an attempt to quen... - Biochemistry (3247 bytes)
1: ...ram]] and description of the interrelationship between biochemistry, molecular biology, and [[genetic...
3: ...y)|cellular components]], such as [[protein]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, and other [[bi...
8: ...ed analysis of many molecules and [[metabolic pathway]]s of the [[cell (biology)|cell]], such as [[gl...
10: ...medicine]]. The first application of biochemistry was probably the making of [[bread]] using [[yeast]...
13: ...y]] of substances that can be classified into a few major categories: - Dental cavities (7190 bytes)
7: ...the teeth. It is most prominent on the grooved chewing surfaces of back [[molar]]s, just above the [[...
9: ...ies). Cavities are usually painless until they grow very large inside the internal structures of the ...
11: ...cumulate within 20 minutes after eating, the time when most bacterial activity occurs. If plaque and ...
13: ...king increases the time that acids are in contact with the surface of the tooth.
17: *[[toothache]] -- particularly after sweet or hot or cold foods or drinks - Beet (4348 bytes)
15: The '''beet''' is a plant with a rounded fleshy [[taproot]]. [[Cultivar]]s of...
17: * '''Fodder beet''', '''wurzel''' or '''mangold''' used as animal [[fodder]...
18: * '''[[sugar beet]]''' grown for [[sugar]]
19: * [[Chard]], a beet which has been bred for the leaves instead of the r...
21: ...a Beet]], a maritime salt-tolerant plant of North West Europe. - Collard greens (5350 bytes)
5: {{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]}}
16: ...var Group]] as [[kale]] and [[spring greens]], to which they are extremely similar genetically.
18: ...xon language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''coleworts'' or ''colewyrts'' ("cabbage plants").
22: ...l]] in warmer regions. It has a stout upright or twisted stalk, up to 60 [[centimetre|cm]] tall. Comp...
24: ... originate from the [[Mediterranean]] region, and was a regular food item in [[Ancient Greece]] and [... - Onion (8367 bytes)
6: {{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]}}
15: ...for [[cuisine|culinary]] purposes, they come in a wide variety of forms and colors.
17: ...n of producing a less durable bulb than onions grown directly from seed and thinned.
19: ... the '''[[Welsh onion]]''', ''Allium fistulosum'' which never produces dry bulbs.
21: ...h rather low-end optical [[microscope]]s. See [[how to prepare an onion cell slide]] for details. - Potato (22889 bytes)
5: {{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[flowering plants|Tracheobionta]] }}
16: ...tant non-[[cereal]] crop, and grow world-wide. Growers cultivate thousands of different varieties of ...
18: ...otato" to distinguish the two, a reference to the widespread cultivation of potatoes in [[Ireland]] i...
21: ...''. In [[the Americas]], Spanish-speakers use the word "papa" more commonly than "patata". Interestin...
26: ...he pioneers returned to England with Drake, along with the potatoes. - Stone Age (17593 bytes)
1: ...whead.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An [[obsidian]] [[arrow]]head]]
2: ...prehistoric]] time period during which [[human]]s widely used [[Rock (geology)|stone]] for toolmaking...
4: ...part of the period, [[sediment]]s (like [[clay]]) were used to make [[pottery]]. A series of metal [[...
6: ...e''historic, since humanity had not yet started [[writing]] -- the traditional start of [[history]] (...
8: ...ther, indeed, humanity continued to expand into new areas even during the metal ages. Therefore, it i... - Amniotic sac (3222 bytes)
2: ...s a tough but thin transparent pair of membranes, which hold a developing [[embryo]] (and later [[fet...
4: ...as an '''amniotomy''', may be performed by a [[midwife]] or [[obstetrics|obstetrician]]. This is usu...
7: .... It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the [[uterus]] being too tight against its...
9: ...fetus can breath in the water, allowing normal growth and the development of [[lung]]s and the [[gast...
11: ... The majority of the hindwaters remain inside the womb until the baby is born.
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