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- Liver (11441 bytes)
5: ...iver lies [[anterior]] to the [[gallbladder]] and superior to the right [[kidney]].
7: The liver is supplied by two major blood vessels: the [[hepatic a...
11: ...[regeneration (biology)|regeneration]] of lost tissue; as little as 25% of remaining liver can regener...
13: ===Surface anatomy===
14: ...natomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
1: ...al]]s, the '''adrenal glands''' (also known as '''suprarenal glands''') are the triangle-shaped [[endo...
5: ...drenal gland, while the adrenal cortex covers its surface.
7: ...hesis. Other cortical cells produce [[androgen]]s such as [[testosterone]], while some regulate [[wate...
11: ...d from the [[embryo]]nic [[neural crest]] and, as such, are simply modified [[neuron]]s. In particular...
13: In response to [[stressor]]s such as [[exercise]] or imminent danger, medullary c... - Cell biology (3658 bytes)
1: ...des their [[physiology|physiological]] properties such as their structure and the [[organelles]] they ...
8: ...ins can move to the [[plasma membrane]], to other subcellular comparments or they can be secreted from...
30: *[[Lipid bilayer]] - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
2: ...ns have an estimated 100,000 billion = 10<sup>14</sup> cells).
16: ...[[protein]]s, the functional workhorses of cells, such as [[enzyme]]s. A typical [[mammal|mammalian]]...
17: ...rnal and internal [[signal transduction|stimuli]] such as changes in temperature, [[pH]] or nutrient l...
21: ...'), the cell wall (''intermediate blue''), the capsule (''orange''), ribosomes (''dark blue''), and a ...
23: ... cells are specialized. 220 types of cells and tissues make up the multicellular [[human]] body. - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
3: ...re prominent where there are a lot of substances, such as [[enzyme]]s, being secreted.
9: ...f the Golgi apparatus is quite complex and is the subject of scientific dispute. The Golgi apparatus c...
13: ...stal office" of the cell. It handles all incoming lipids, proteins, etc., and controls their export as we...
24: ...Golgi apparatus is involved in the transport of [[lipid]]s around the cell as well creating [[lysosome]]s... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
1: ...otein]]s, makes [[macromolecule]]s, and transfers substances throughout the cell.
21: ... are called smooth ER (SER). The ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER insert the freshly produced ...
32: ...]s (e.g., for building membranes such as [[phospholipid]]s), [[fatty acid]]s and [[steroid]]s (e.g., [[ho...
38: In [[striated muscle]] it is specially adapted to surround the [[myofibrils]], forming triads with inv...
54: ...'Disulfide bond formation and rearrangement.''' Disulfide bonds stabilize the tertiary and quaternary ... - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
1: ...es the low pH by pumping in [[proton]]s (H<sup>+</sup>) from the cytosol, and also protects the cytoso...
4: *[[Lipase]], which digests [[lipid]]s,
5: ...hydrate]]s, which digest [[carbohydrate]]s (e.g., sugars),
9: ...ell's own recycling process (where old components such as worn out [[mitochondria]] are continuously d...
12: ...oteinosis|glycoproteinoses]], [[mucolipidosis|mucolipidoses]], or [[leukodystrophy|leukodystrophies]]. - Chloroplast (2430 bytes)
3: ...but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembran...
4: Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into [[Adenosine_triphosphate|ATP]] through a pr...
7: ...hloroplasts are surrounded by two [[cell membrane|lipid bilayer membrane]]s, now thought to correspond to...
13: .... The photosynthesis reaction takes place on the surface of the thylakoid. - Vesicle (biology) (1701 bytes)
1: ...m the [[cytosol]] by at least one [[lipid bilayer|lipid bilayer]]. Vesicles store, [[transport]], or [[di... - Brine shrimp (4112 bytes)
12: {{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Species}...
29: ... This short life span, and other characteristics, such as their ability to remain dormant for long per...
33: ...e sold as [[aquarium]] food as they are high in [[lipid]]s and [[unsaturated]] [[fatty acid]]s. These nut... - Organic chemistry (4970 bytes)
1: ...s [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[phosphorus]], and [[sulfur]].
6: ...lution of [[cyanates|ammonium cyanate]] NH<sub>4</sub>OCN.
8: ==Characteristics of organic substances==
10: ...d to be much more soluble in organic [[solvent]]s such as [[ether]] or [[alcohol]]. Organic compounds ...
26: ...oms can include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. - Nutrition (42689 bytes)
1: ...neral nutrition guide for recommended [[food]] consumption.]]
4: ...ive impacts on health, which may lead to diseases such as [[scurvy]], [[obesity]] or [[osteoporosis]],...
8: ...nations (e.g. [[hormones]]/[[vitamins]], [[phospholipids]], [[hydroxyapatite]]), both in the [[human body...
14: ...ntifically]] valid nutritional study very time-consuming and expensive, and explains why a proper scie...
16: ...sential and vital nutrients per unit of energy, resulting in better management of cell growth, mainten... - Electron microscope (5936 bytes)
7: ...]), which allows a higher [[resolution]] - the measure of how close together two things can be before ...
14: ...ng secondary electrons which are emitted from the surface due to excitation by the primary electron be...
16: ...olution, however, because the SEM image relies on surface processes rather than transmission it is abl...
23: ...r hardening - and [[osmic acid]] - which stains [[lipid]]s black - are used.
24: ...[[water]] to be replaced with an embedding medium such as [[ethanol]] or [[propanone]]. - Cell (29541 bytes)
2: ...ns have an estimated 100,000 billion = 10<sup>14</sup> cells).
16: ...[[protein]]s, the functional workhorses of cells, such as [[enzyme]]s. A typical [[mammal|mammalian]]...
17: ...rnal and internal [[signal transduction|stimuli]] such as changes in temperature, [[pH]] or nutrient l...
21: ...'), the cell wall (''intermediate blue''), the capsule (''orange''), ribosomes (''dark blue''), and a ...
23: ... cells are specialized. 220 types of cells and tissues make up the multicellular [[human]] body. - Virus (17572 bytes)
1: ...]], either [[DNA]] or [[RNA]] (depicted as blue), surrounded by a protein coat, or [[capsid]], with or...
3: ... of protective coat consisting of [[protein]]s, [[lipid]]s, and [[glycoprotein]]s. Importantly, viral [[g...
7: ...aphor for other parasitically-reproducing things, such as [[meme]]s or [[computer virus]]es. The word ...
9: ...utable dictionary gives any other form, including such "reconstructed" Latin plural forms as ''viri'' ...
23: ...n [[gene therapy]], so their application to human subjects is still nascent. - Biochemistry (3247 bytes)
3: ...nts]], such as [[protein]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, and other [[biomolecule]]s...
8: ...abolic pathway]]s of the [[cell (biology)|cell]], such as [[glycolysis]] and the [[citric acid cycle|K...
12: ==Subdisciplines==
13: ...s principally concerned with the [[chemistry]] of substances that can be classified into a few major c...
16: *[[Lipid|Lipids]] - Renewable energy (27996 bytes)
1: ...-going natural processes'', such as [[solar power|sunshine]], [[wind power|wind]], [[hydro power|flowi...
3: ...m the [[Sun]]. Some forms are stored solar energy such as [[rain]]fall and wind power which are consid...
5: ...or [[photovoltaic]] cells, or production of fuels such as ethanol from biomass (see [[alcohol as a fue...
17: ...12 V batteries at up to 9 amperes in full, direct sunlight.]]
20: ...ly for the energy that is directly collected from sunlight. In this section it is used in the latter c... - Protein (17280 bytes)
3: ...her proteins play structural or mechanical roles, such as those that form the struts and joints of the...
5: ...acromolecules]], alongside [[polysaccharide]]s, [[lipid]]s, and [[nucleic acid]]s, that make up the prima...
14: ...]—or segments of chain that [[Random coil|assume no stable shape]]. Secondary structures are loc...
16: ...called ''[[protein subunit|subunit proteins]]'' ''subunits'' in this context, which function as part o...
18: ...nts, these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually referred to as "[[Chemical conformation|confo... - Amniotic sac (3222 bytes)
4: ...dwife]] or [[obstetrics|obstetrician]]. This is usually performed using an amnihook and is intended t...
7: Amniotic fluid is the watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within th...
9: ...in]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s and [[phospholipid]]s, [[urea]] and [[electrolyte]]s. By the second...
21: ... placenta, usually also share the placental blood supply. In rare cases, blood passes disproportionate... - Blood (11213 bytes)
4: ...(physiology)|circulating]] [[biological tissue|tissue]] composed of fluid [[blood plasma|plasma]] and ...
6: ...position or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction.
14: ... tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products.
46: ... capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolve...
58: [[Blood pressure]] and [[blood test]]s are amongst the most comm...
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