Rorschach inkblot test
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History
The Rorschach inkblot test was developed by Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychologist, in the early twentieth century. Rorschach was a proponent of Freudian psychoanalysis, which emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind. The test has become outdated by 2004, when several Internet websites disclosed the test's secret, copyrighted inkblot set and published its entire administration protocol. Knowing these details invalidates the test.
Methods
There are ten official inkblots. The psychologist shows the inkblots in a particular order and asks the patient to say the first thing that comes to mind. After the patient has seen and responded to all the inkblots, the psychologist then gives them to him again one at a time to study. The patient is asked to list everything he sees in each blot. The blot can also be rotated. Although the psychologist will not tell the patient so, spontaneous turning of the blot or asking permission to do so is seen as a positive sign if the blot is turned 90, 180, or 270 degrees; however, turning the cards at odd angles or covering portions of the cards is considered a sign of brain damage. As the patient is examining the inkblots, the psychologist writes down everything the patient says or does, no matter how trivial. The psychologist takes into account whether all of the card or a portion of it is used.
Methods of interpretation differ. In one interpretation, each inkblot reveals the patient's feelings about a particular person or situation. For example, one inkblot is supposed to represent the patient's mother. Negative comments regarding the images in this inkblot indicate unresolved conflict with the mother. Another inkblot shows how the patient feels about his father. Most, if not all, inkblots contain symbols and images that are supposed to be interpreted sexually. More than four mentions of sexual imagery means that the patient has an obsession with sex. Seeing certain images may indicate schizophrenia, although this is disputable.
Controversy
The Rorschach inkblot test is controversial for a couple of reasons.
First, because the blots of ink are inherently meaningless and subjective, evaluating the results of a test requires the blots of ink to have meaning in the first place. Otherwise, the images projected into the patterns would be of little value in assessing personality traits. But the psychologist must project onto the patterns in order to give them any meaning and, in a sense, take the test him/herself. So the results of any test will not only show what the patient projected onto the ink blots, but also what the psychologist projected onto the projections of the patient. Third parties could be called in to evaluate what effect the psychologist's interpretations had on the results of the test, but the third parties' evaluations would also be slanted by their own subconscious interpretations of meaningless patterns. The process of evaluating and re-evaluating could go on forever.
Second, although a large number of people with a certain trait see specific images in an ink blot—sociable people have a tendency to see animals in this image; people with schizophrenia have a tendency to see a vase in this image—any given person who sees an image that is seen in an ink blot by a large number of people with a specific trait will not necessarily have that trait her/himself. The Holtzman Inkblot Test was designed to resolve some of the problems of the Rorschach test.
When interpreted as a projective test, results are poorly verifiable. The Exner system of scoring, which interprets the test in terms of what factor (shading, color, outline, etc.) of the inkblot leads to each of the tested person's comments, is meant to address this, but problems of test validity remain.
Supporters of the test try to keep the actual cards secret so that the answers are spontaneous. The official test is sold only to licensed professionals. The Rorschach Society claims the blots are copyrighted, but this has been disputed by others who state that they should be in the public domain legally based upon when they were first created and how long the creator has been dead.
References
- "Rorschach technique" (http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/g2699/0006/2699000604/p1/article.jhtml?term=rorschach) entry in the Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology
- The Skeptic's Dictionary (http://skepdic.com/inkblot.html) article criticizing the test
- "Giving up Cherished Ideas: The Rorschach Ink Blot Test" (http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume3/j3_4_5.htm) by Robyn M. Dawes, IPT Journal, Fall 1991
- "presentation and promotion of the Rorschach method, concentrating on the way it has been practiced within the classical European tradition" (http://www.phil.gu.se/fu/ro.html)
External links
- International Rorschach Society (http://www.rorschach.com/)
- History of Inkblot Techniques (http://schatz.sju.edu/psycheval/personality/rorschach/history.html)
- Outlines of the official Rorschach inkblots, with criticism (http://www.toddlertime.com/general/rorschach-test.htm)
- The secret test blot set and all operational procedures revealed - confirmed good information (http://www.deltabravo.net/custody/rorschach.htm)de:Rorschachtest