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- Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
7: ...gland]] and [[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]] from [[17 November]] [[1558]] until her death. Someti...
9: ... VIII]], she was a writer and poet. She granted [[Royal Charter]]s to several famous organizations, in...
11: ...he number of [[Privy Council|Privy Counsellors]] from thirty-nine to nineteen, and later to fourteen.
16: ...s addressed as Lady Elizabeth and lived in exile from her father as he married his succession of wives...
18: Elizabeth's first governess was Lady Bryan, a baroness whom Elizabeth called "Muggie". At the age of... - List of painters (54090 bytes)
10: *[[Michelangelo Buonarroti]], ([[1475]]-[[1564]]), Italian [[sculptor]] an...
44: *[[Alessandro Algardi]] ([[1595]]-[[1654]])
46: *[[Alessandro Allori]] ([[1577]]-[[1621]])
52: *[[Altichiero]] ([[1320]]-[[1395]])
54: *[[Rodolfo Amoedo]] ([[1857]]-[[1941]]) - Galileo Galilei (33761 bytes)
2: ...ristotle]]. In addition, his conflict with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] is taken as a major early ex...
7: ...ty teaching [[geometry]], [[mechanics]], and [[astronomy]] until [[1610]]. During this time he explore...
10: ...ters of science and to the separation of science from [[philosophy]] or religion. These are the primar...
14: ...search into Galileo's unpublished working papers from as early as [[1604]] clearly showed the reality ...
16: ==Astronomy== - Johannes Kepler (17038 bytes)
2: ...]] also refers to him as the last scientific [[astrologer]].
4: ... to [[Rudolf II|Emperor Rudolf II]], and court astrologer to [[Albrecht von Wallenstein|General Wallen...
6: ...ity Linz]] in honor of Johannes Kepler, since he wrote his ''magnum opus'' '''harmonices mundi''' ("Th...
11: ...the other pupils, an outsider. This ostracizing probably led him to turn to the world of ideas, as we...
13: ...ook at it." At age nine, he observed another astronomical event, the [[Lunar eclipse]] of [[1580]], ... - Francis Bacon (16741 bytes)
2: ...yist]]. He was knighted in [[1603]], created '''Baron Verulam''' in [[1618]], and created '''Viscount ...
4: ...mplies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing of h...
10: ... 13, living for three years there with his older brother [[Anthony Bacon]].
14: ...ilosophy, which seemed barren, disputatious, and wrong in its objectives.
16: ...[Gray's Inn]], and a few months later they went abroad with Sir [[Amias Paulet]], the English ambassad... - Colonial America (32872 bytes)
2: ... Virginia|Jamestown]], and the [[convict]]s of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] each came to the new co...
4: ...features no matter what sort of colony it sprang from. By the late [[18th century]], these different ...
8: ===Europe===
9: ...ring]] technologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
11: ...lear that the first nation to find a direct trade route to the [[East Indies|"Indies"]] would benefit ... - Gerardus Mercator (3294 bytes)
7: ...of German descent, remembered for the [[Mercator projection]] named after him.
9: ... of italic script to be published in northern [[Europe]].
11: ...6thcentury.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Mercator map of Europe]]
12: ...Wilhelm of Cleve]] in [[1564]]. He devised a new projection and first used it in [[1569]]; it had para...
14: ...87]] after his father's map of 1567 (published in 1595)]] - List of sculptors (9151 bytes)
11: *[[Alessandro Algardi]] (1595 - 1654)
22: *[[Pietro da Barga]]
32: *[[Miguel Berrocal]] (1933 - )
45: *[[Michelangelo Buonarroti]] (1475 - 1564)
54: *Sir [[Anthony Caro]] (1924 - ) - Francis Drake (14963 bytes)
2: ...o [[circumnavigation|circumnavigate]] the globe, from [[1577]] to [[1580]] and was knighted on his ret...
7: ...as early as [[1535]]. The [[1540]] date is taken from a portrait painted quite late in his life. Franc...
9: During the [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] uprising of [[1549]], the family wa...
12: ... few days before, nearly costing Drake his life. From then on, he devoted the rest of his life to work...
13: ...ad escaped the Spanish), Drake raided the waters around [[Dari鮬 Panama|Darien]] (in modern [[Panama]... - List of astronomers (40322 bytes)
1: '''Famous [[astronomer]]s and [[astrophysicist]]s''' include:
8: *[[Marc Aaronson]] ([[United States|USA]], [[1950]] – [[...
18: *[[Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs]] ([[Germany]], [[1912]] – [[1954]])
20: *[[Robert Grant Aitken|Robert Aitken]], ([[United States|USA]], [[1864]] &n...
23: *[[V. Albitskij|Vladimir Aleksandrovich Al'bitskij]] ([[Russia]]) - Sikhism (31029 bytes)
2: ... Granth Sahib]], the Sikh holy book. It departs from some of the social traditions and structure of [...
4: ...ain ritualistic practices that distracted people from focusing on [[God]]. He wanted to go beyond what...
6: ...s successor and to lead the Sikh community. This procedure was continued, and the tenth and last Guru,...
10: ...rance that it is a blend of insights originating from two very different faiths. Sikhism's coherence i...
12: ...es (consumerism). This materialism prevents them from seeing the ultimate reality, as God created matt... - Aztec (38742 bytes)
7: ...o the [[empire]] of the Mexicas as distinguished from the Mexicas alone. This article deals with the h...
9: ...odern use of ''Latino'', or ''Mediterranean'': a broad term that does not refer to a specific culture....
11: Ironically, the [[Aubin Codex]] relates that after le...
13: ...ting the moment when '''Aztecs''' found the omen from the god [[Huitzilopochtli]] signaling the locati...
14: ...is increasingly applied. The Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, for example, refers to these p... - Ottoman Empire (15917 bytes)
1: ...=0 width=300 style="margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-co...
4: | colspan=2 style="text-align: left; background: white;" |
11: | colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background: white;" | [[Image:Ottoman 1683.png|Map of the...
29: ...m km² (1902); 19.9m km² maximum extent (1595)
45: ...ing to the Empire's position as gateway between Europe and Asia. In its day, the Ottoman Empire was al... - Babylonia (8254 bytes)
7: ...rs, but then the [[Hittites]] sacked Babylon in [[1595 BC]], installing the [[Kassite]] dynasty. Its cit...
11: ...ar]] the Chaldean the following year. With help from the [[Medes]], [[Niniveh]] was sacked in 612, an...
15: ...ablished a camp in the desert, near the southern frontier of his kingdom, leaving his son [[Belshazzar...
17: ...is absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon, and a few days afterwards the so...
19: ...lize the religion of Babylonia in the temple of Merodach (Marduk) at Babylon, and while he had thus al... - Sumer (14409 bytes)
2: ...r'') formed the southern part of [[Mesopotamia]] from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until th...
4: == Background ==
5: ...dian language|Akkadian]] which belongs to the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]].
10: ...]s, each centered on a temple dedicated to the patron [[god]] of the city and ruled over by a king, wh...
12: ...are over water rights, trade routes, and tribute from nomadic tribes. - Knights Hospitaller (26158 bytes)
1: ...id to have come to an end following its ejection from Malta by [[Napoleon]]. The '''Sovereign Military...
5: ...e of [[Jesus]]. It was served by [[Benedictine]] Brothers.
7: ...it to Jerusalem but the order soon extended into providing an armed escort to pilgrims. The escort soo...
9: ...h located near [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]]. The property of the Order was divided into [[priories]], ...
15: ... surrendered to the knights. They also gained control a number of neighboring islands, as well as the ... - Atlas (cartography) (4308 bytes)
3: ... found in [[multimedia]] formats, such as on [[CD-ROM]]. As well as [[geographic]] features and [[poli...
5: ==Atlases throughout history==
9: ...e constructed by [[medieval]] [[Greek]] scholars from Ptolemy's text.
11: ...[[Venice]]. Each publisher worked independently, producing maps based upon their own needs. The maps ...
15: ...escription of the Universe) (Duisburg, [[1585]]-[[1595]]).
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