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- Hanging Gardens of Babylon (4963 bytes)
1: [[image:ogrody_semiramidy.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Gardens of Sem...
3: ...Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar II]] around [[600 BC]] (present-day [[Iraq]]). However, t...
7: ...mething similar to an [[Archimedes' screw]] as a process of raising the water to the required height.
8: <!-- discussed on UKtv's History of the Ancients program The Hanging Gardens of Babylon. -->
13: ...ion to his Median wife, who missed the natural surroundings of her homeland.]] - November 4 (10686 bytes)
7: ...twerp]] (after three days the city was nearly destroyed).
8: ...2]] - [[Moscow]] China Town taken by [[Russia]]n troops under command of [[Dmitri Mikhailovich Pozhars...
12: ...ard a [[United States|Union]] supply base and destroy millions of dollars in material.
14: ...]: [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Grover Cleveland]] defeats [[United States Republican...
15: ...ility, paving the way for him to be crowned [[emperor]]. - Adela of Normandy (2741 bytes)
5: ...ghter of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] and the mother of both [[Stephen of England|St...
7: ...d]]; they were probably the youngest of the Conqueror's children. She was a high-spirited and educated...
9: ...[First Crusade]], along with his brother-in-law [[Robert Curthose]].
22: ...ce as well as degenerate''", and had his younger brother Theobald replace him as heir. Her son Stephen...
24: ...enough to see her son Stephen seize the English throne, but died soon after. - Catherine I of Russia (2658 bytes)
3: ...til her death. With Peter, she was also co-ruler from [[1724]] until his death in the next year.
5: ...rfa Skavronska and was the daughter of Samuil Skavronski, a [[Lithuania]]n peasant. She was married a...
9: *Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna ([[1708]]-[[1728]])
10: *[[Empress]] [[Elizabeth of Russia|Yelizaveta Petrovna]] ([[1709]]-[[1762]]
11: *Grand Duchess Nataliya Petrovna ([[1713]]-[[1715]]) - Catherine II of Russia (9308 bytes)
2: ...at''', reigned as [[tsar|empress]] of [[Russia]] from [[June 28]], [[1762]], to her death on [[Novembe...
5: ...nths later, on [[July 17]], [[1762]], Peter died from illness, but is rumored to have been killed by C...
9: ...-Bonesana|Beccaria]] and [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]], Catherine drew up ...
11: ...e status hereditary; and gave the nobles full control over their serfs and lands. In addition, Catheri...
13: Catherine proceeded to "Westernize" Russia. However, unlike [[P... - Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
1: ...beth_empress.jpg|thumb|270px|H.I.M. Yelizaveta Petrovna, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russias (1709...
3: ...xorbitant sums of money on the grandiose baroque projects of her favourite architect, [[Bartolomeo Ras...
7: ...litical opponents to challenge her right to the throne.
9: ...these languages with more fluency than accuracy. From her earliest years she delighted every one by he...
11: ... dislike of the princess for the various suitors proposed to her, so that on the death of her mother (... - Alexandra Kollontai (3203 bytes)
1: ... effectively exiled by [[Stalin]], who sent her abroad as a diplomat, and she was thus one of the very...
7: ...ment" in [[1919]]. This organization worked to improve the conditions of women's lives in the [[Soviet...
13: ...Joseph Stalin]] gained power, he sent Kollontai abroad as a [[diplomat]]. In [[1923]], she was appoint...
15: ...the Stalin regime, though as a diplomat serving abroad, she had little or no influence in government p... - Sofia Kovalevskaya (3306 bytes)
1: ...ity]], the third woman in [[Europe]] to become a professor.
5: ...tersburg Academy of Sciences]]) via [[Fyodor Fyodorovich Schubert]] (another Academician) and had more...
7: ...eorem]]) and essentially completed the study of [[rotating solid]]s, applying the then-new theory of [...
9: ...ed on the older sister Anna and he very probably proposed to her.
11: ...calculus in the army, and when they ran short of proper wallpaper for one house, used his old notes in... - Sofia Gubaidulina (8325 bytes)
1: ...] '''София Асгатовна...
7: ...founded Astreja, a folk-instrument improvisation group with fellow composers Victor Suslin and Vyaches...
9: ...osed a homage to [[T. S. Eliot]], using the text from the poet's spiritual masterpiece ''[[Four Quarte...
11: ...rt project to write a piece for the Passion 2000 project in commemoration of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]...
15: ...n than the recomposition of spiritual integrity through the composition of music." - Larisa Latynina (2531 bytes)
3: ...dals at 18 (9 gold medals, 5 silver medals and 4 bronze medals).
5: ...] Rome World Championships, winning the team all-around title.
7: ... vault, a silver medal in the uneven bars, and a bronze medal in the now discontinued team event with ...
9: ...beam and uneven bars event. Finally, she won the bronze in the horse vault competition.
11: ...ighteen - nine gold medals, five silver and four bronze. - Kazakhstan (26806 bytes)
1: ... of the Ural River is located in eastern-most [[Europe]]. It has borders with [[Russia]], the [[People...
3: ...w.stat.kz/en/info/stat-bul/stbr&e0303.pdf], down from 16,464,464 in [[1989]] [http://www.stat.kz/ru/dy...
8: ...cing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-co...
9: ...1082;а Казахстан<br>(Respublika Kazakhstan)'...
11: | style=background:#efefef; align=center colspan=2 | - Tajikistan (10867 bytes)
1: ...=0 width=300 style="margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-co...
4: | style="background:#ffffff;" align=center colspan=2 |
13: | align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" |[[image:LocationTajikistan.png]]
37: | From [[Soviet Union]]<br/> [[September 9]], [[19...
51: ...n''' (Тоҷикистон), formerly known as the ''T... - Space exploration (14877 bytes)
3: ==From fiction to fact==
4: ...als and other technological and scientific breakthroughs, the idea of outer-earth missions was no long...
6: ...et, the original [[Apollo program|Apollo]] and [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] space capsule trainers, and...
8: ...le]], a [[1972]] image taken during the [[Apollo program]]
11: From a spaceflight perspective, the definition of spa... - Astronaut (7339 bytes)
1: ...onaut.jpg|right|300px|thumb|U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut [[Bruce McCandless II]] using a manned maneuv...
3: ...ings]]. Astronauts from at least [[Timeline of astronauts by nationality|32 countries]] have gone into...
7: ...4;т ''(kosmonavt)'', which in turn derives from the Greek words ''kosmos,'' meaning "universe" a...
9: ...bly becoming the first American cosmonaut in the process.
11: ... ''nautes'', "sailor"). While Europe has not yet produced manned spaceships, it has sent men and women... - World War II (58065 bytes)
1: ...:nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|295px|[[Mushroom cloud]] from the [[nuclear explosion]] over [[Nagasaki]] risi...
2: ...937]], in Asia and [[1 September]] [[1939]], in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority o...
6: ... of Germany on [[8 May]] [[1945]] ([[Victory in Europe Day|V-E]] and [[Victory Day|Victory]] Days), bu...
8: ...a case of [[total war]], it involved the "[[home front]]" and [[Strategic bombing|bombing of civilians...
10: ...Europe largely aligned as [[NATO]], and Eastern Europe largely as the [[Warsaw pact]], alliances which... - Abacus (7218 bytes)
5: ...pan''' of the [[China|Chinese]] is similar to the Roman abacus in principle, though has a different co...
7: ...ion provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
8: ...g the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam at the center.
10: ...on]], [[subtraction]], [[square root]] and [[cube root]] operations at high speed.
16: == Roman abacus == - Capacitor (29664 bytes)
2: ...ducting plates (usually made of metal) stacked or rolled to form a compact device, but '''every''' mul...
7: ...e, the ''total'' charge in the device is always zero.
9: [[Image:Dielectric.png|frame|The electrons in the molecules shift toward the positively ch...
13: ...fference]] or ''voltage'' (''V'') which appears across the plates:
16: ...acitors are usually expressed in microfarads (µF), nanofarads (nF) or picofarads (pF). - Pirate (23151 bytes)
2: ...y|robs]] or plunders at sea without a commission from a recognised [[sovereignty|sovereign]] nation. ...
4: ... against transport vessels remains a significant problem (with estimated worldwide losses of $13 to $1...
8: ...e known as '''[[buccaneer]]s'''. The word comes from ''boucan'', a wooden frame used for cooking meat...
14: ...e mediaeval Latin ''cursa'', "raid, expedition, inroad".
24: ...s Drake]] and [[England]] was the main nation in promoting them. - Russia (28007 bytes)
2: ...that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern [[Europe]] and northern [[Asia]]. With an area of 17,075...
6: ...age. This influence is notable, but is still far from that of the former Soviet Union.
13: ...no-Ugric]] tribes, such as the [[Merya]], the [[Muromian]]s and the [[Meshchera]].
15: ... prosperous, due to diversified trade with both Europe and Asia.
17: ...ed the [[Russians |Russian people]] in the north from the [[Belarusians]] and [[Ukrainians]] in the we... - Politics of Russia (78325 bytes)
2: ...stitution]], creating a strong presidency, was approved by referendum in December [[1993]].
4: ...egions gained political and economic concessions from [[Moscow]]. Although the struggle between execut...
6: ==Historical background==
8: ...ted Soviet politics and government; they also controlled local administration.
10: ... republic legislatures with substantial blocs of pro-reform representatives.
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