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- Lymphatic system (6229 bytes)
4: ...sels are alike veins. Lymph originates as [[blood plasma]] lost from the [[capillary]] beds of the [[circu... - Immune system (14564 bytes)
3: ...en divided into the two sections of innate and adaptive immunity, the former encompassing unchanging m...
6: ...econd enzyme. However, when a bacteriophage attempts to infect this bacterium, the viral DNA has not ...
15: ...ecule in the body, it is destroyed by forced [[apoptosis]], leaving behind T cells that can be safely ...
18: ...an individual, seem to have appeared somewhat abruptly in [[evolutionary timeline|evolutionary time]] ...
20: ...and all [[mammal]]s have both an innate and an adaptive immune system. - Kidney (12846 bytes)
20: ...while secreting other, unneeded molecules. Reabsorption and secretion are accomplished with both cotra...
24: ...ion. Blood pressure provides the force for blood plasma to be filtered through the thin, porous epitheliu...
33: The filtrate is blood plasma without blood cells and large-molecule proteins. ...
55: ... ions]] and [[hydroxyl|hydroxyl ions]], the blood plasma is maintained by the kidney at pH 7.4. Urine, on...
57: ...g [[aldosterone]] which increases sodium ion absorption in the convoluted tubule. - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...uding detoxification, [[glycogen]] storage and [[plasma protein]] synthesis. It also produces [[bile]], w...
83: [[Liver transplantation]] is an option for those with irreversible liver failure. Mos... - Connective tissue (1646 bytes)
7: ... extracellular matrix of [[blood]] is the [[blood plasma]], which transports dissolved [[nutrient]]s, [[ho... - Science (19868 bytes)
8: ...es science in terms of [[ontology]]: science attempts to identify what "things" in the world, their ca...
15: ...es "[[paradigms]]," sets of (often unstated) assumptions, rules, practices, etc. and that transitions ...
21: ...ng very rapidly in an area consisting mostly of empty space. Many of humanity's [[folk physics|preconc...
26: ...Scientists use the term ''model'' to mean a description of something, specifically one which can be us...
30: ...en" in the scientific sense. Some universally accepted models such as [[heliocentric theory]] and [[at... - Acrosome (814 bytes)
4: ...'''; also, the acrosomal vesicle fuses with the [[plasma membrane]] of the egg cell, and digestive enzymes... - Chemistry (12553 bytes)
19: ...nd processes. In particular, the energetic description of diverse chemical transformations are of int...
23: == Fundamental concepts ==
61: ...e compounds, [[valence bond theory]] and the concept of [[oxidation number]] can be used to predict mo...
70: ...es. Less familiar phases include [[Plasma physics|plasma]]s, [[Bose-Einstein condensate]]s and [[fermionic...
84: ...servation of energy]] leads to the important concepts of [[Chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]], [[therm... - Solar system (21174 bytes)
16: **[[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] (♆)
32: ...t they remain in the region between Jupiter and Neptune.
33: ...e [[semimajor axis|semi-major axes]] lie beyond Neptune's. These are further subdivided:
36: ...covered object [[90377 Sedna]], with a highly elliptical orbit extending from about 76 to 928 AU, does...
38: ...pg|right|thumb|Mosaic of Solar System planets except Pluto, including Earth's Moon (not to scale).]] - Sun (20830 bytes)
76: | 7.25[[degree (angle)|?]] <br>(to the [[ecliptic]]) <br>67.23? <br>(to the [[Milky Way|galactic ...
145: ...inetic]] and [[thermal energy]] of [[solar wind]] plasma and as the energy in the Sun's magnetic field). A...
162: ..., interspersed with atomic [[absorption line|absorption lines]] from the tenuous layers above the phot...
173: spectrum of emission and absorption lines. It is called the ''[[chromosphere]]'' ...
183: ...um of the Sun showing thousands of elemental absorption lines ([[fraunhofer lines]]).]] - Cell biology (3658 bytes)
1: ...] and function ([[physiology]]) and eventual [[apoptosis|death]]. This is done both on a [[microscope|...
8: ...he ER and Golgi to the plasma membrane. From the plasma membrane, proteins destined to be degraded move b...
15: *Release of cellular organelles by disruption of cells. - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
39: ... surrounded by a ''plasma membrane''. A form of plasma membrane is also found in prokaryotes, but is usu...
44: ...lles in place; helps during [[endocytosis]], the uptake of external materials by a cell; and moves par...
63: ... found only in eukaryotes and are, with a few exceptions, surrounded by a protective membrane.
77: ...consisting of a capsule, a [[cell wall]], and a [[plasma membrane]]; and a [[cytoplasm|cytoplasmic region]...
78: *The ''plasma membrane'' (a phospholipid bilayer) separates the... - Pioneer 11 (5118 bytes)
7: ...or these experiments were a [[magnetometer]], a [[plasma analyzer]] (for [[solar wind]]), a [[particle det...
9: ... (planet)|Saturn]] was taken by Pioneer 11 on [[September 1]], [[1979]], three days before its closest...
11: ...located at 44.7 AU from the Sun at a nearly [[asymptotic latitude]] of 17.4 degrees above the [[solar ... - Cilium (3845 bytes)
3: ...ll (biology)|cell]]. Cillia are extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtub...
10: ...s also a non-motile cilium, where the odorant receptors locate. Almost all types of the mammalian cell... - Cytoskeleton (4391 bytes)
9: ...a membrane, as they keep cellular shape, form cytoplasmatic protuberancies (like [[pseudopods]] and [[micr... - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
1: ...nction is to process [[protein]]s targeted to the plasma membrane, [[lysosome]]s or endosomes and those th...
7: ...the Golgi apparatus, (12) Secretory vesicle, (13) Plasma membrane, (14) [[Exocytosis]], (15) Cytoplasm, (1...
9: ...hile the ''trans'' face is directed towards the [[plasma membrane]] (Fig. 1). The cis and trans faces have...
15: ...e of the Golgi apparatus (to the cisternae) and empty their [[protein]] content into the Golgi [[lumen... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
3: ... the [[cell membrane]] (e.g., [[transmembrane receptor]]s and other [[integral membrane protein]]s) as...
36: ...s present in [[muscle]] cells and is specially adapted for calcium ion storage and release. This proce...
38: ...ils]], forming triads with invaginations of the [[plasma membrane]] called [[T tubules]].
43: ...ly]], [[calnexin]], [[calreticulin]], and the [[peptidylpropyl isomerase family]].
48: ... an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Proteins that are des... - Mitochondrion (10103 bytes)
16: ...hrine]] (adrenaline), the [[degradation]] of [[tryptophan]], and the elongation of [[fatty acid]]s.
18: ...hich is usually characteristic of [[bacteria]]l [[plasma membrane]]s.
23: ... inner mitochondrial membrane, along with [[polypeptide]]s encoded by [[gene]]s that reside in the hos...
28: * [[Apoptosis]]
46: With the exception of [[succinate dehydrogenase]], which is bound... - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
1: ...ll be reduced, because they will not be at their optimum pH. All these enzymes are produced in the [[...
9: ...ously destroyed and replaced by new ones, and receptor proteins are recycled), and for [[autophagy|aut...
10: ... invade a cell and helping repair damage to the [[plasma membrane]] by serving as a membrane patch, sealin... - Vacuole (5544 bytes)
1: ...re they serve a variety of different functions: capturing food materials or unwanted structural debris...
4: ...erent organisms and these functions include the capture of food, the maintenance of internal [[hydrost...
30: ...Organelle|organelles]] are covered with multiplex plasma membranes called autophagosomes. Next, the autoph...
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