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- Margaret of Anjou (3729 bytes)
12: ... of Westminster]], was born, on [[October 13]], [[1453]], he had suffered a complete mental breakdown. ...
14: ...itious [[Richard, Duke of York]]. With the king captured, Margaret, managed to escape, and immediately...
16: ... of [[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]], and recaptured her husband. - Renaissance (14795 bytes)
10: ...ce]]." Both of these concepts are now widely accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a resul...
21: ... and Greek Latin heritage through ancient manuscripts and the humanist method of learning. These new i...
23: ... the [[fall of Constantinople]] to the Turks in [[1453]]. It was a turning point in warfare as [[cannon]...
30: ...republican ideals of [[Athens]] and [[Rome]]. Sculptors used Roman models and classical themes. This s...
34: ... were being sculpted. Often biblically-themed sculpture and paintings included recognizable Florentine... - Middle Ages (21063 bytes)
14: ...ikings]] were still capable of causing major disruption to the newly emerging societies of Western Eur...
30: ...o the lands of western Europe. With the brief exception of the [[Mongol]] incursions, major barbarian ...
34: ..., and there were major advances in [[art]], [[sculpture]], [[music]] and [[architecture]]. Large [[cat...
38: ...and eastern borders. Muslim armies conquered [[Egypt]], the rest of [[North Africa]], [[Jerusalem]], [...
49: ...mpire was reduced to a shell; it survived until [[1453]], but in a diminished and weakened form. - Medieval art (6359 bytes)
5: ...was of many crafts, such as [[mosaic]]s and [[sculpture]]; and there were many unique genres of art, s...
15: ...the East. During this period Christian artists adopted the Roman crafts of painting, mosaic, carving a...
25: ...e variety of crafts including illustrated manuscripts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork and glass. There ...
27: ...covery sheds new understanding. After 843 until [[1453]] there is a clear Byzantine art tradition. It wa...
29: ... it diverged from Romanesque style. [[Gothic sculpture]] was born in France in 1150 and spread throug... - Printing press (12986 bytes)
4: ...d text, the ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'' (a Buddhist scripture), was printed in China in [[868]] A.D. The tec...
8: ... invented the printing press in Europe is not accepted by all. The other candidate advanced is the [[T...
12: ...[[13th century]]) in commercial [[scriptorium|scriptoria]], where [[scribe]]s wrote them out by hand. ...
14: ...raries to sully their valuable handcopied manuscripts. Similar resistance was later encountered in muc...
16: ...s Europe. Within thirty years of its invention in 1453, towns from Hungary to Spain, and from Italy to B... - Greece (54754 bytes)
59: ...nd''}}, [[Portuguese Language|Portuguese]] {{lang|pt|''Grécia''}}, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lan...
70: ...rist is flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist. The mosaics were made in the 12th century.]]
82: ...stantinople|Constantinople fell]] on [[May 29]] [[1453]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Its last emperor, [[...
87: ...Greeks who converted to [[Islam]] and were not Crypto-Christians became [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] in th...
102: ...e by Allied forces in [[Egypt]], the Germans attempted to [[Battle of Crete|seize Crete]] in a massive... - List of people by name: Y (12717 bytes)
10: *[[Yakub of Alexandria]] (819-830), Coptic Pope
99: ...[[Yoannis I of Alexandria]], ([[496]]-[[505]]), Coptic Pope
100: ...[Yoannis II of Alexandria]], ([[505]]-[[516]]), Coptic Pope
101: ...Yoannis III of Alexandria]], ([[681]]-[[689]]), Coptic Pope
102: ...[Yoannis IV of Alexandria]], ([[776]]-[[799]]), Coptic Pope - List of painters (54090 bytes)
10: ... Buonarroti]], ([[1475]]-[[1564]]), Italian [[sculptor]] and [[painter]]
11: ...inci]], ([[1452]]-[[1519]]), Italian painter, sculptor and inventor
123: *[[Captain Beefheart]] ([[1941]]-)
251: *[[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin]] ([[1699]]-[[1779]])
285: *[[Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot]] ([[1796]]-[[1875]]) - Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
27: | Arab armies conquer the Levant and Egypt. In the following decades, they take most of Nor...
43: | [[1453]]
51: ...ed empire, and in concert with the [[Pope]], attempted to legitimize their conquests by claiming inher...
57: ... the East and ended its thousand year history, in 1453, as a [[Greek Orthodox]] state: An empire that be...
68: ...itain]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] or [[Egypt]]. - Hundred Years' War (30012 bytes)
3: ...[[France]], beginning in [[1337]] and ending in [[1453]]. Historians lump these conflicts under the same...
27: ...claims to the French throne. In effect, England kept Gascony in return for Edward giving up his claims...
36: ...d|Henry V]]; and a final phase from [[1429]] to [[1453]], in which France was united under the Valois ki...
38: ...sh coast were sacked. But in [[1340]], in an attempt to hinder the English army from landing, the Fren...
42: ...Countries, pillaging as he went, rather than attempt to take and hold territory. Finding himself unabl... - Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
5: ...[Constantinople]]. After another millennium, in [[1453]], the Eastern Empire, better known as the [[Byza...
7: ... for such a long period of time [[31 BC]] – 1453, there are certain alternative names used by hist...
11: ...emains inescapable. Roman titles of power were adopted by successor states and other entities with imp...
19: ...emed to threaten the republic - now placidly accepted one man rule.
25: ...h remained the limits of Empire, with minimal exceptions, for the next four hundred years. - Russia (28007 bytes)
19: ...s it had to fight the Germanic crusaders who attempted to colonize the region.
23: ...territories. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 Russia remained the only more or less functional ...
37: ...s) and [[perestroika]] (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism. His initiatives inadvert...
60: ...[[Barents Sea]], [[White Sea]], [[Kara Sea]], [[Laptev Sea]] and [[East Siberian Sea]] are part of the...
87: ***the [[Laptev Sea]] (where their west shores lie), - History of Christianity (35391 bytes)
8: ...] AD. Christianity brought from Judaism its [[scriptures]] (the [[Old Testament]]), its way of thinkin...
12: ...ek translations of the Jewish scriptures (the [[Septuagint]]) as their own [[Bible]], and later also [...
29: ...ation|Hellenistic]] Jews. In Acts 10:44ff Peter baptized [[Cornelius]] (traditionally held to be the f...
88: ...l]] to be the origin of the story of [[John the Baptist]].
90: ... starts to disappear), six months earlier; John baptises with water (the symbol of Ea) and Jesus with ... - Ottoman Empire (15917 bytes)
47: ... I]], during which most of its territories were captured by the [[Allies]], Ottoman elites established...
53: ...st to [[Hungary]] in the northwest, and from [[Egypt]] in the south to the [[Caucasus]] in the north. ...
59: ...Janissaries]] were disbanded, and a modern conscripted army was formed.
61: ...defending itself from foreign occupation (e.g. Egypt occupied by the French in 1798, Cyprus occupied b...
76: ...e of Constantinopole (later dubbed Istanbul) in [[1453]], most churches were left intact and only [[Hagi... - Hagia Sophia (7132 bytes)
18: == Description ==
32: ...[[Ottoman Turks]] under Sultan [[Mehmed II]] in [[1453]]. Since more conservative factions of [[Islam]] ...
46: ...mc.org/umw/bible/procopius.stm Contemporary description] by [[Procopius]], ''Buildings'' (De Aedificii... - Konya (2390 bytes)
7: ...I of Khwarezm|Muhammad II]]. In 1243, Konya was captured by Mongols as well. The city remained the cap...
9: ...aramanid fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and, in [[1453]], Konya was made the provincial capital of the O...
13: ...of Islam") and, paradoxically, for the high consumption of [[raki]] (both of these have become somethi... - Byzantine art (10470 bytes)
1: ...ntury]] until the fall of [[Constantinople]] in [[1453]]. (The Roman Empire during this period is conven...
3: ... under the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after [[1453]]. In some respects the Byzantine artistic tradit...
7: ...Greece (see [[Greek art]]), and at least before [[1453]] never lost sight of its classical heritage, but...
13: ...rtise of the classical world, particularly in sculpture, was lost in the Byzantine world.
17: ...came the norm of Byzantine art. The only real exception to this was portraits of the Emperors, but eve... - Byzantine coinage (4605 bytes)
10: ...s, under a failed plan to force the market to accept the underweight coins at the value of the full we...
12: ...lation until the end of the Byzantine Empire in [[1453]], though after the second half of the fourteenth...
14: ...to bust of [[Jesus]] on the obverse and the inscription "XRISTUS/bASILEU/bASILE", which translates to ... - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
7: ...h Crusade]] in [[1204]] (April 12), and then re-captured by [[Nicaean Empire|Nicaean]] forces under th...
9: ...y fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] on [[May 29]], [[1453]], during the reign of Constantine Paleologos (&#... - Medieval History (23198 bytes)
16: ...ikings]] were still capable of causing major disruption to the newly emerging societies of Western Eur...
32: ...o the lands of western Europe. With the brief exception of the [[Mongol]] incursions, major barbarian ...
36: ..., and there were major advances in [[art]], [[sculpture]], [[music]] and [[architecture]]. Large [[cat...
40: ...and eastern borders. Muslim armies conquered [[Egypt]], the rest of [[North Africa]], [[Jerusalem]], [...
53: ...mpire was reduced to a shell; it survived until [[1453]], but in a diminished and weakened form.
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