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- History of science (41710 bytes)
4: ...ries are known as ''pre-scientific''. Still, many place ancient [[natural philosophy]] clearly within ...
15: ...ose in the social sciences or humanities (for example, the "[[Science wars]]").
23: ...he [[habit]]s and [[Abstraction|attributes]] of [[plant]]s and [[animal]]s in the world around him. He...
27: ...ment of]] [[agriculture]], which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early [[Civiliz...
29: ...ture of the planets and stars, many theoretical explanations were proposed. - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
7: ...y that of [[number]]s. The realization that two apples and two oranges do have something in common, na...
8: ...tic]] (e.g. [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]] and [[division (mathematics)|division]])...
10: ...em|writing numbers]]. Perhaps [[prehistoric]] peoples first expressed [[quantity]] by drawing lines i...
12: Historically, the major disciplines within mathematics arose out of the need to d...
14: ==Inspiration, aesthetics and pure and applied mathematics== - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
9: ...of Mister Piero, from Vinci". Leonardo himself simply signed his works "Leonardo" or "Io, Leonardo" ("...
18: ...his relations with his assistant, Salai, "Did you play the game from behind which the Florentines love...
29: ... and permitted him to operate his own workshop complete with apprentices. It was here that seventy [[t...
45: ...s, and did not travel without it. Thousands of people see it each year in the Louvre, perhaps drawing ...
47: ...ration of the Magi]]". After extensive, ambitious plans and many drawings, the painting was left unfin... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...] period in the arts, and receives contemporary application in the unity of science movement which inc...
6: ...od, piety and belief were integral parts in the exploration of [[natural philosophy]] and [[ethics]] i...
8: ...sm | empirical]] philosophical ideas, and their application to [[political economy]], [[government]] a...
12: ...purposes, these two eras are [[lumpers/splitters|split]]; however, it is equally acceptable to think o...
14: ...r instability. Instead, (according to those that split the two periods), the Age of Reason sought to e... - Computer (32773 bytes)
3: ...hat perform simple well-defined functions. The complex interactions of these components endow computer...
4: ...iscipline which studies the theory, design, and application of computers is called '''[[computer scie...
6: ==General principles==
10: ... the physical phenomena being exploited. For example, electron flows might be used to model the flow ...
12: ... operations on that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]]. - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ...'s original plans, a [[Difference Engine]] was completed, and functioned perfectly. It was built to to...
5: ...on Estate in [[Teignmouth]]. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In [[1808]] the Babbage family mo...
16: ...le lived happily at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London. They had eight children, but only thr...
29: ...Gottfried Leibniz]]. He first discussed the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir [[Hu...
36: ..., [[1822]] and in a paper entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astrono... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...aptainjamescookportrait.jpg|thumb|250px|British explorer James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1...
3: ...[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[explorers|explorer]] and [[navigator]]. He made three voyages to...
8: ...ced him to the shipbuilder, [[John Walker]] who employed him as an apprentice on a [[collier]] that di...
12: ...olfe]] to make his famous stealth attack on the [[Plains of Abraham]]. Cook's [[surveying]] skills we...
14: ...dness both with the regard to the extent of his explorations and going beyond the instructions given b... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...inventing the Cartesian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
4: ... to [[Teleology|ends]]—divine or natural—in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insi...
14: ...eling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering var...
18: ...ege of La Rochelle]] by Cardinal [[Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]] in [[1627]]....
20: ... the [[Catholic Church]], and Descartes abandoned plans to publish ''[[The World (Descartes)|Treatise ... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
4: ...y the West to describe the nation of Iran, its people, or its ancient empire. It derives from the anc...
11: ...s''' the Persians and the Medes were tributary peoples to Assyria, [[Babylonia]], and another Aryan tr...
19: ...benefited the Achaemenids, since the conquered peoples felt no need to revolt.
21: ...ame the religion of the rulers and most of the people of Persia. Its founder [[Zoroaster]] had lived a...
23: ...ization of a vast region. For the first time, people from very different cultures were in contact wit... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
9: *Mathematics � [[Vedic]] literature is replete with concepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the tech...
11: ...s of [[atom]] and [[theory of relativity]] were explicitely stated by an Indian Philosopher around [[6...
12: *Chemistry � Principles of chemistry did not remained abstract but also...
13: ..., first compendium on medicine and surgery was complied in ancient India.
18: ...ce of [[chess]], [[ludo]], snakes and ladders and playing cards. - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ...ith the study of nature, including practical disciplines, the mathematical sciences, and [[natural phi...
4: ...ture as a coherent system of laws that could be explained in the light of reason.
6: ...however, were suddenly interrupted by the [[Black Plague]] and are virtually unknown to the lay public...
14: ...pestry of rural populations and semi-[[nomad]] peoples. The political instability and the downfall of ...
16: ...ltures|antiquity]], sources which were often incomplete and posed serious problems of interpretation. ... - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
31: * [[Wheel]] and [[plough]] both invented in ancient Mesopotamia
32: * Around [[5100 BC]] – [[Temple#Religion|Temple]]s founded in South [[Mesopotamia]]
38: * c. [[4000 BC]] - first examples of [[Sumerian]] [[writing]] in Mesopotamia
87: * Completion of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
129: ...d philosophical viewpoints are created, further explored or codified - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
3: ...long been considered [[aesthetics|aesthetically]] pleasing in Western cultures, reflecting nature's ba...
25: After multiplying the first equation with ''a''/''b'' or the se...
40: ...er, and it is the golden number ''x'' in this example.
52: ...th of 1 unit of measurement, then its length is 1 plus the golden number, about 1.618 units of measure...
105: ...wel."<br><div align="right">—''[[Johannes Kepler]]''</div></blockquote> - Integer (6458 bytes)
5: ...operation|operations]] of [[addition]] and [[multiplication]], that is, the sum and product of any two...
7: ...some of the basic properties of addition and multiplication for any integers ''a'', ''b'' and ''c''.
9: | || addition || multiplication
26: ...d side is odd. This means that '''Z''' under multiplication is not a group.
28: ...n for defining such a structure. The lack of multiplicative inverses, which is equivalent to the fact ... - Number (4151 bytes)
5: ...[quantity]]. At least since the invention of [[complex number]]s, this definition must be relaxed. Pre...
7: ===Examples===
19: ...ry polynomial with complex coefficients can be completely factored.
24: ...ients lead to [[algebraic number]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[tr...
27: ...nion]]s '''H''', losing [[commutativity]] of multiplication, and then to [[octonion]]s, losing [[assoc...
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