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- History of science (41710 bytes)
2: ...istory of science''' traces these [[phenomenon|phenomena]] and their pre-cursors back in [[time]], all...
4: ...ed to be so fundamental that older inquiries are known as ''pre-scientific''. Still, many place ancien...
6: ...phy also enquires about other areas of knowledge, notably [[ethics]]. In practice, each of these field...
11: ...to emphasize the "human component" to scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientif...
13: ...sive, and that there can be [[demarcation problem|no demarcation]] between science and any other form ... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
3: ...hematics, also known as the body of mathematical knowledge. This latter meaning of mathematics include...
10: However, mathematics undoubtedly could not have developed out of simple counting and arithm...
12: ... in commerce, to measure land and to predict astronomical events. These three needs can be roughly rel...
15: ...ed to be recast into more rigorous language. Some notable examples of this happening are [[Newton]] in...
16: With the increase in our mathematical knowledge, mathematics itself has become a source of ... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
2: ...e helped advance the study of [[anatomy]], [[astronomy]], and [[civil engineering]].
7: Leonardo was born in [[Anchiano]], near [[Vinci, Italy]]. He was an [[illegitima...
9: ...s "Leonardos", not "da Vincis". Presumably he did not use his father's name because of his illegitimat...
11: ...rked with [[Lorenzo di Credi]] and [[Pietro Perugino]].
16: ...fter two months in jail, he was acquitted because no witnesses stepped forward. For some time afterwar... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...tive system of [[ethics]], [[aesthetics]], and [[knowledge]]. The intellectual leaders of this movemen...
6: Another important movement in 18th century philosophy...
8: ...al ideas, and their application to [[political economy]], [[government]] and sciences such as [[physic...
14: ...t with [[Baruch Spinoza|Baruch (Benedictus de) Spinoza]]'s Ethics, which expounded a pantheistic view ...
18: ...otion which turned on its head the previous basic notions of the sources of legitimacy. - Computer (32773 bytes)
8: ...mputers have been built out of many different technologies, nearly all popular types of computers have...
10: ...' computers were once common in the 1960s but are now rarer.
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
14: ...rmally identified and explored by [[Claude E. Shannon]].
16: ...uring]] identified which problems could and could not be solved by computers, and in doing so founded ... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
8: ...nd was an Oxford tutor from whom Charles learned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge.
12: ...to graduate with honors. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814.
16: ...in [[Teignmouth]], [[Devon]]. Charles' father did not approve of the marriage. The couple lived happil...
36: .../Mathematicians/Babbage.html] It calculated [[polynomial]]s using a numerical method called the [[Diff...
38: ...]]. It was the first publication on what we would now call [[operations research]]. - James Cook (14770 bytes)
7: ...was born in [[Marton,_Middlesbrough|Marton]] in [[North Yorkshire]], near the town of [[Middlesbrough]...
8: ...a]], [[trigonometry]], [[navigation]], and [[astronomy]], skills he would need one day to command his ...
18: ... of precise [[scientific instrument]]s, there was no way to accurately measure it.
20: ...and]] from the South Island, and which Tasman had not guessed at.
22: ...y Bay was unsuitable, and sailed a short distance northwards to [[Port Jackson]], for the establishmen... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
4: ...]]—divine or natural—in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute ...
6: ...ounded [[analytic geometry]], that bridge between algebra and geometry crucial to the invention of the [[ca...
14: ...doned the study of letters. Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that which could be found in mys...
16: ...interest in mathematics and the new physics. On [[November 10]] [[1619]], while traveling in Germany a... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
1: ...s to confuse Iran with Iraq; so in 1959 Pahlavi announced that both Persia and Iran can be used interc...
11: ...tributary peoples to Assyria, [[Babylonia]], and another Aryan tribe, the [[Scythian]]s. The region of...
13: ...e Persians around 700 BC. His son Teispes led the nomadic Persians to settle in southern Iran around 6...
15: ...arter, the king promised not to terrorize Babylon nor destroy its institutions and culture. Cyrus was ...
19: ...the Achaemenids, since the conquered peoples felt no need to revolt. - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
1: ...e arts]], [[mechanical]] and [[production]] [[technology]], [[civil engineering]] and [[architecture]]...
7: ...Ancient India�s contribution to science and technology include:
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
10: ...omy � [[Rig Veda]] ([[2000 BC]]) refers to astronomy.
12: *Chemistry � Principles of chemistry did not remained abstract but also found expression in d... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
4: ...ocess of copying and [[translation|translating]]. Notwithstanding, with the beginning of the [[Renaiss...
6: ...pted by the [[Black Plague]] and are virtually unknown to the lay public of today, partly because most...
14: ...became a tapestry of rural populations and semi-[[nomad]] peoples. The political instability and the d...
16: ...this era as "dark" was mostly based on previous ignorance about the period combined with popular [[ste...
18: ...bility of a [[monastery]], a [[cathedral]] or a [[noble court]]. - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
1: ...ddle East with its particular characteristics was not to emerge until late [[2nd millennium|second mil...
27: ...<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Dating Creation|1]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
47: * Jewish chronology dates [[creation (theology)|creation]] to [[2...
52: ...|34th century]]), the earliest historical person known by name.
79: ...[[Urukagina]], king of Lagash, creates the first known judicial code. ([[24th century BC]]) - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
3: ... is a numerical reality, except that numbers were not units as we define them today, but were expressi...
5: ...ibuted to [[Pythagoras]] (or to the Pythagoreans, notably [[Theodorus]]) or to [[Hippasus of Metapontu...
40: For those who struggle with algebra but can at least handle the idea of fractions of ...
91: Note that the successive convergents of these contin...
115: ...the root of a [[polynomial equation]], it is an [[algebraic number]]. It can be shown that φ is an [[ir... - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ... language|German]] for "numbers"). They are also known as the '''whole numbers''', although that term ...
3: == Algebraic properties ==
5: ... of two integers (''e.g.'', 1 divided by 2), need not be an integer.
24: ...ition, '''Z''' is a [[cyclic group]], since every nonzero integer can be written as a finite sum 1 + 1...
26: .... This means that '''Z''' under multiplication is not a group. - Number (4151 bytes)
8: ... or {1, 2, 3, ...}, used for [[counting]], and denoted by '''N'''.
11: ...depends on the author if this means [[positive]], non-negative, or all integers.)
13: ...l number]]s. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by '''Q'''.
15: ...cimal fraction]]s or decimal numbers, sometimes denoted by '''D'''.
17: ...peating decimal expansion. Real numbers which are not rational are called [[irrational number]]s.
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