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- History of science (41710 bytes)
40: .... Initially these universities were organized to only teach [[theology]], but people like [[Roger Baco...
54: ...o what is now called an [[algorithm]]; the word [[algebra]] is derived from ''al-jabr'', the beginning of t...
78: ...sults by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did [[quantum mechanics]] show that the laws of ...
91: ...ls provided a ready supply of products which not only provided energy, but also synthetic materials fo...
117: ...reciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries of British surgeon [[Joseph Lis... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
17: ...ened that pure mathematics, which was considered only of interest to mathematics, has become applied m...
30: ...search mathematicians. However, [[theorem]]s are only accepted if [[mathematical proof|proof]]s have b...
33: ...to the study of structure, space and change (i.e. algebra, geometry and analysis). In addition to these th...
35: ...ized to [[vector space]]s and studied in [[linear algebra]], belongs to the two branches of structure and s...
37: ...th function|smoothness]], and direction, while in algebraic geometry geometrical objects are described as s... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
18: ...hat from a tender age they would enter into the manly one as more stalwart friends." In the dialogue, ...
47: ...left unfinished and Leonardo left for [[Milan]]. Only seventeen of his paintings and none of his statu...
70: *''[[Leda and the Swan]]'' (1508) - (Only copies survive) ''[[Galleria Borghese]]'', [[Rom...
85: ...0 drawings. However, his book only was published only in 1580 (long after his death) under the heading...
87: ...of other beings. It is important that he was not only interested in structure but also in function, so... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
3: The '''Age of Enlightenment''' refers to the [[18th century]] in [[...
4: ...fers to a historical intellectual movement, "The Enlightenment." This movement advocated [[rationalism...
6: ...itical]] theories of the age. However, prominent Enlightenment philosophers such as [[Voltaire]] and [...
10: ...riod). Furthermore, [[Romanticism]] followed the Enlightenment.
11: == History of Enlightenment philosophy == - Computer (32773 bytes)
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
20: ...standing the important idea that the computer is only a machine, and cannot "think" or "understand" th...
29: ...d afford them and were considered so exotic that only a handful would ever be required to satisfy glob...
51: ... such as [[differential analyzer]]s, are not commonly included in such lists. Other classification sch...
56: ...mplementation technologies is not exhaustive; it only covers the mainstream of development. Historical... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
16: ...land Place, London. They had eight children, but only three lived to adulthood. Charles' father, his w...
57: ...ld stretch to 25 feet long. Babbage constructed only small test parts for his new engine; a full engi...
59: ...mbers. In another, she wrote about a generalized algebra engine that could perform operations on symbols a...
62: ...ep. It was a marvel of mechanical engineering. Unlike the Analytical Engine that he continually twea...
76: He only once endeavored to enter public life, when, in [... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
8: .... While working for Walker, Cook began to study [[algebra]], [[trigonometry]], [[navigation]], and [[astron...
20: ...apped the complete New Zealand coastline, making only minor mistakes (such as calling [[Banks Peninsul...
26: ...collections of Australian flora and there were mainly peaceful meetings with the local Aboriginal peop...
28: ...een Australia and [[New Guinea]], again becoming only the second European to do so (the first being [[...
41: Cook almost discovered the mainland of [[Antarctica]], but turned back north towar... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
6: ...ounded [[analytic geometry]], that bridge between algebra and geometry crucial to the invention of the [[ca...
30: ...stant]] nation, he was interred in a graveyard mainly used for unbaptized infants in [[Adolf Fredriksk...
39: Initially, Descartes arrives at only a single principle: if I am being deceived, then...
41: ...[[thought|Thinking]] is his essence as it is the only thing about him that cannot be doubted. - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
19: ...e precedent set by Cyrus the Great. This was not only good for the empire's subjects, but ultimately b...
29: .... The mightiest empire in the world collapsed in only eight years, when it fell under the attack of a ...
58: During Parthian rule, Persia was only one province in a large, loosely controlled empi...
63: Sassanid Persia, unlike Parthia, was a highly centralized state. The ...
77: ... By that time, Iranians had come to dominate not only the bureacracy of the empire, but all branches o... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
24: ...tical concepts, including [[0 (number)|zero]], [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
28: ...tiquity. The success of Indian mathematics was mainly due to the fact that Indians had a clear concept...
30: ...ed �''Siddantha Shiromani''� has a chapter on algebra. In [[1816]], [[James Taylor]] translated Bhaska...
73: ... practice of yoga have crystallized. But, it was only around 200 BC that all the fundamentals of yoga ... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
4: ...reek language|Greek]]) were unavailable, leaving only compilations and summaries that were often corru...
6: ...g many others. These advances, however, were suddenly interrupted by the [[Black Plague]] and are virt...
14: ...man Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], being the only institution to survive the process, maintained w...
20: The significance of these measures would only be felt centuries later. The teaching of dialect...
27: ... [[Reconquista]] and during the [[Crusades]], (mainly in [[Sicily]] and [[Spain]]), allowed Europeans ... - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
149: * [[Algebra]] developed in the Middle East - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
40: ...mber minus one? The answer is yes, but there is only one number, and it is the golden number ''x'' in...
54: ...tio value <math>\approx\ 1.618034 </math> is the only positive number that is exactly 1 less than its ...
115: ...the root of a [[polynomial equation]], it is an [[algebraic number]]. It can be shown that φ is an [[ir...
134: ...theorem]]. It is also the fundamental unit of the algebraic number field <math>\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})</math> ...
148: ...d the ''Divina Proportione'', which explored not only the mathematics of the golden ratio, but also it... - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ...ers''', although that term is also used to refer only to the positive integers (with or without zero)....
3: == Algebraic properties ==
5: ... and, importantly, [[0 (number)|zero]], '''Z''' (unlike the natural numbers) is also closed under [[su...
24: ...us;1). In fact, '''Z''' under addition is the ''only'' infinite cyclic group, in the sense that any i...
32: Again, in the language of abstract algebra, the above says that '''Z''' is a [[Euclidean dom... - Number (4151 bytes)
19: ... [[complex number]]s '''C''', which leads to an [[algebraically closed field]] in which every polynomial wi...
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
27: ...us leaving the category of associative [[division algebra]]s.
31: ...f [[function field]]s of finite [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] behave in some ways like number...
43: ...tains the [[group (mathematics)|group]]s, [[ring (algebra)|ring]]s and [[field (mathematics)|field]]s.
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