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- History of sculpture (6101 bytes)
4: ...s were made of ivory or soft stone, however some clay human and animal figures have been found. Small...
6: ...e used for high quality sculpture and inlays. [[Clay]] was used for pottery and terra cotta sculpture...
8: ... a wooden harp with gold and mosaic inlay with a black-bearded golden bull's head.
11: ...d head, made of diorite, is believed to represent Hammurabi. The head has the wide open eyes, typical of the...
13: Also well-known is the lamassu, a human-headed winged lion from 883-859 BC.... - Ziggurat (6043 bytes)
9: ...es leading to the [[temple]], two of which (side flanked) were thought to have only ascended half the ...
11: ... Heaven and Earth." Most likely being built by [[Hammurabi]], the ziggurat's core was found to have containe...
15: ...ed bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different [[colors]] and may have had [[cos...
17: ...onies]] but instead were believed to be dwelling places for the [[gods]]. Through the ziggurat the [[g...
19: ...[[heaven]]s and planes of existence, the seven [[planet]]s and the seven [[metal]]s associated with th... - Literature (25676 bytes)
1: ...erature" (singular) but not in "Literature" (singular) since most people would not deem the books as s...
5: ...ls]] or [[Periodization|historical periods]]. Popular belief commonly holds that the literature of a ...
7: ...ular topic. In this case, the stories, poems and plays may or may not have [[nationalism|nationalistic...
9: ...her narrowly defined examples of symbolic written language ([[hieroglyph]]s, for example). Even more c...
11: ...terature]]". Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grou... - Babylonia (8254 bytes)
1: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
5: ...icient ruler, famous for the code of laws that he laid down, and he gave the region stability after tu...
7: ...nd they conquered the city-states of [[Isin]], [[Elam]], and [[Uruk]], and the strong Kingdom of Mari....
11: ...urbanipal]], and Babylonia rebelled under [[Nabopolassar]] the Chaldean the following year. With help...
13: ...all fragment of his annals has been discovered, relating to his invasion of Egypt in [[567 BC]], and r... - Babylon (9716 bytes)
3: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
4: ...g "The Gate of God". This Semitic word is a translation of the [[Sumeria]]n ''Kadmirra.''
8: ...provincial town, until it became the capital of [[Hammurabi]]'s empire ([[18th century BC]]) From this time o...
10: ...en over by [[Sennacherib]] and Assurbanipal (Kandalanu) again.
16: ...e capital. In [[689 BC]] its walls, temples and palaces were razed to the ground and the rubbish throw... - Ur (11926 bytes)
1: ... of marine regression, the remains are now well inland in present-day [[Iraq]], south of the Euphrates...
3: ...y the ruins of the [[ziggurat]] (''left''), still largely intact, and by the settlement mound. The zig...
9: ...dated into larger settlements out of the need for large-scale, centralized [[irrigation]] works to sur...
11: ...ea and also by land routes into [[Arabia]]. Many elaborate tombs including that of Queen [[Puabi]] [2]...
15: ...est such documents known, preceding the [[code of Hammurabi]]. After his death he became a hero-figure: one o... - Akkadian Empire (9189 bytes)
2: ...Sin]]. The date of Sargon is placed by modern scholars around [[2300 BC]] (by [[Nabonidus]] at [[3800 ...
4: ...e years of the campaigns against Palestine and Sarlak, king of [[Gutian period|Gutium]] or [[Kurdistan...
6: ...ade" (Akkad), reminding us of the divine honours claimed by the [[Pharaoh]]s of [[Egypt]] - whose terr...
8: ...resenting Naram-Sin, and bearing a striking resemblance to early Egyptian art in many of its features,...
10: ...ate his [[Canaan]]ite origin, was governor of the land of the [[Amorites]] (''Amurru''), as the semino... - Mari, Syria (5848 bytes)
1: [[Image:Maristela.jpg|thumb|Cultic [[stela]] found at Mari]]
2: ...til [[1759 BC|1759 BCE]], when it was sacked by [[Hammurabi]]. [[Abraham]] himself is thought to have passed...
6: ...xcavations, over 25,000 clay tables in [[Akkadian language]] written in [[cuneiform]] were discovered....
8: ...gh archaelogists have tried to determine how many layers the site descends, it hasn't proved possible....
12: ... Semitic people, thought to be part of the same Eblaite and Akkadian migration. - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
1: ...second millennium]] AD. To refer to a concept similar that of today's Middle East but earlier in time,...
3: ...e East]]. For more detailed information, see [[#related articles|articles on the histories of individu...
17: * Circa [[7500 BC]] ? [[ǡtalh?]], a very large [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] settlement ...
18: * Settlements at Sagalassos in present-day southwest Turkey are establish...
29: ...and transforming it from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt water sea. - Elamite Empire (23098 bytes)
1: :''For biblical characters named Elam, see [[Elam (Hebrew Bible)]].''
4: ...700 BC]] to [[539 BC]], with a preceding [[Proto-Elamite]] period beginning around [[3200 BC]].
5: Its culture played a crucial role in the [[Achaemenid]] [[Persian...
8: ...offspring of Elam, eldest son of [[Shem]] (see [[Elam (Hebrew Bible)]]).
10: ...e Old Persian root ''Hujiyā'', which means "Elam." - Assyria (13688 bytes)
2: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
3: ...al capital, the city of [[Asshur]] (or Ashshur). Later, as a nation and Empire, it also came to inclu...
8: ...by Asshur the son of [[Shem]], who was deified by later generations as the city's patron god.
10: ... and [[Nineveh]], also near the Tigris, and [[Arbela]].
15: ...tensive contact with cities in the [[Anatolia]]n plateau. The Assyrians established "merchant colonies...
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