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- Sophie Germain (4906 bytes)
5: ...[ɣole Polytechnique]], a school which did not admit women.
7: ... Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a tal...
9: ... had never heard of her. She then wrote to him admitting she was female, to which he responded:
12: ...cal, the predilection with which you have honored it.''
15: ...astronomy at the [[University of Gottingen|University of G?ngen]]. His interest shifted to [[applied ... - Sofia Kovalevskaya (3306 bytes)
1: ...she was appointed professor at [[Stockholm University]], the third woman in [[Europe]] to become a pro...
3: ...garian king in particular; in [[1858]] he was permitted to change his surname to [[Matthias Corvinus o...
7: ...fferential equation]]s (the [[Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem]]) and essentially completed the study of [[rotat...
9: ... on [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] and practiced his favourite piano work, [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s...
11: ... took calculus it came to her very quickly, as if it had always been there. - Emmy Noether (2715 bytes)
1: ...[mathematician]]s of the early [[20th century]], with penetrating insights that she used to develop el...
6: any early precocity at mathematics — as a teenager she was mor...
8: ...y built a world-wide reputation, but the [[University of G?ngen]] refused to let her teach, and her co...
9: ...s under his own name. A long controversy ensued, with her opponents asking what the country's soldiers...
10: ...nd joined the faculty at [[Bryn Mawr]] in the [[United States]]. - Pythagoras (10747 bytes)
2: ...r]], known best for formulating the [[Pythagorean theorem]].
6: ...pre-Socratic]]s, grace smells one can say little with confidence about his life and teachings. Pythag...
9: ...and of [[Babylon]] before going west; but such visits feature stereotypically in the biographies of ma...
11: ...ing the citizens to follow virtue and form an [[elite]] circle of followers around himself. Very stri...
13: ...o cure illness of the soul or body; [[poetry]] recitations occurred before and after sleep to aid the ... - Geometry (3634 bytes)
1: ...btaining an approximation of [[Pi]], accurate to within less than one per cent. The [[Rhind Mathematic...
3: ...can be used in conjunction with mathematical definitions for [[point (geometry)|points]], [[line_(math...
5: ...]. The next most significant development had to wait until a millennium later, and that was [[analytic...
9: ...and angles are no longer invariants, but collinearity is.
11: ...metry is treated under [[Pick's theorem]]. Pick's theorem used dot paper and a certain formula to find the ... - Isaac Newton (23339 bytes)
2: ...classical mechanics]]. Newton also shares credit with [[Gottfried Leibniz|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] ...
4: ...ht]] passed through a prism was inherent in the white light and not added by the prism as [[Roger Baco...
6: ... when exposed to air; the [[binomial theorem]] in its entirety; and the principles of conservation of ...
14: ...on was two years of age, his mother went to live with her new husband, leaving her son in the care of ...
19: ...ance cooled and Miss Storey married someone else. It is said he kept a warm memory of this love, but N... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
1: ...ntity]], [[structure]], [[space]] and [[change]]. It developed, through the use of [[abstraction]] and...
8: ...ing, naturally followed [[arithmetic]] (e.g. [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]] and [[d...
10: ...ps [[prehistoric]] peoples first expressed [[quantity]] by drawing lines in the ground or scratching w...
12: Historically, the major disciplines within mathematics arose out of the need to do calcul...
15: ...tely has relevance for the subject which inspired it and can be applied to solve problems in that subj... - Meditation (26064 bytes)
3: ...ms of [[Christian]], [[Jewish]] and [[Muslim]] meditation.
5: ...sses. The goal in this case is the receipt of spiritual insights and new understanding.
7: ...psychology]], meditation can induce — or is itself — an [[altered state of consciousness]]...
10: [[Image:Girl-practicing-meditation-yoga-while-sitting-on-mat-clipart-9029.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cli...
12: ...reathing, humming or chanting to help induce a meditative state. - Albert Einstein (43065 bytes)
3: ...0th century]]. He proposed the [[theory of relativity]] and also made major contributions to the devel...
5: ... has become a byword for great [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]] or even [[genius]].
7: ...phy. To this day Einstein receives popular recognition unprecedented for a scientist.
12: ...nstein before the Einsteins moved from Germany to Italy.]]
16: ...ent is that he had [[Asperger's syndrome]], a condition related to [[autism]]. - Archimedes (13735 bytes)
1: ... one of history's greatest mathematicians, along with possibly [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], [[Carl Friedri...
4: ...treets naked calling "[[eureka]]" - "I have found it!"); and to have invented the [[irrigation]] devic...
6: ...t Punic War]]. One of his inventions used for military defense of Syracuse against the invading Roman...
8: ...motionless and very close to shore for them to ignite, an unlikely scenario during a battle.
12: ...3 the area of a [[triangle (geometry)|triangle]] with equal base and height. (See the illustration be... - Arithmetic (2254 bytes)
1: ...ough in usage by professional [[mathematician]]s, it often is treated as synonym for [[number theory]]...
3: == Arithmetic operations ==
5: ...) are also sometimes included in this subject. Arithmetic is performed according to an [[order of ope...
7: ...]s, [[computer]]s, or the [[abacus]] to perform arithmetical computations.
11: ...such phrases as ''first order arithmetic'' or ''arithmetical algebraic geometry''. - Mathematician (9627 bytes)
13: ...ver, is the finished product that gets published; it is not work in progress.
17: ...by either the sheer pleasure of mathematical activity or by expectation of greater respect by fellow '...
21: ...lem. Not all mathematicians would strictly agree with the above; the [[philosophy of mathematics]] con...
23: ...tement achieves the lauded position of a theorem, it remains true forever. There still exists [[experi...
27: ...an篩s Antoine, Marquis de l'H?al|Marquis de l'Hopital]] (1661-1704) was rich enough to hire [[Johann ... - Tangram (4661 bytes)
6: It consists of 7 pieces, called ''Tans'', which fit together to form a square:
11: The objective is to form a given shape with seven pieces.
14: ...thagorean theorem]] was discovered in the Orient with help of Tangram pieces.
32: *''A Theorem on Tangram'', F. T. Wang & C. C. Hsiung, American...
35: *''Anno's Math Games'', Mitsumasa Anno, Philomel Books - Johann Sebastian Bach (31106 bytes)
3: ...250px|right|Johann Sebastian Bach, [[1748]] portrait by Elias Gottlob Haussmann]]
5: ... to nearly every musician in the [[Europe]]an tradition, from [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] to [[...
13: ...rom his brother's music cabinet and began to copy it by the moonlight. This went on nightly until Joha...
17: ... equally at home talking with organ builders and with performers.
19: - Leonhard Euler (10366 bytes)
3: ...gument]]s; ie: ''y'' = F(''x''). He is credited with being one of the first to apply [[calculus]] to ...
10: ... [[1720]] Euler began his studies at the [[University of Basel]]. There Euler met [[Daniel Bernoulli|...
12: ...ytice exposita'' ("Mechanics or motion explained with analytical science"—that is, calculus). I...
14: ...dants of these children, however, were in high positions in Russia in the 19th century.
16: ...y productive; however, he did not have an easy position due to a lack of the king's favor. Therefore ... - Hipparchus (astronomer) (50785 bytes)
4: ...pyists. As a consequence, we know comparatively little about Hipparchus.
8: ..."the great treatise"; ed. [Toomer 1981]), with additional references to him by [[Pappus of Alexandria]...
10: ...lpha;''), [[ancient history|ancient]] district [[Bithynia]], (modern-day [[İznik, Turkey|İzn...
14: ...[Babylon]], but it is not known if and when he visited these places.
16: ... show him with a [[globe]]; this confirms the tradition that he was born there. - James A. Garfield (15070 bytes)
13: <tr><td>'''[[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]]:'''</td><td>[[Lucretia Garf...
15: ...e United States|Political Party]]:'''</td><td>[[United States Republican Party|Republican]]</td></tr>
16: <tr><td>'''[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]:'''</td><td>[[Chester A...
19: ...ident of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]], the first [[ambidextrous]] President,...
26: ... language|Greek]] with one hand and in [[Latin]] with the other. - Hipparchus (50784 bytes)
3: ...pyists. As a consequence, we know comparatively little about Hipparchus.
7: ..."the great treatise"; ed. [Toomer 1981]), with additional references to him by [[Pappus of Alexandria]...
9: ...lpha;''), [[ancient history|ancient]] district [[Bithynia]], (modern-day [[İznik, Turkey|İzn...
13: ...[Babylon]], but it is not known if and when he visited these places.
15: ... show him with a [[globe]]; this confirms the tradition that he was born there. - History of science in early cultures (11033 bytes)
3: ...riculture]], which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early [[Civilization|civiliza...
9: ...l] but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
11: ...]]s and [[omen]]s, which might explain the popularity of the clay tablets. [[Hipparchus]] was to use t...
16: ...mical basis, have been found in third millennium cities of [[India]]. Their design can be conservative...
21: ...ctilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of [[Alch... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ... [[Middle Ages]] - the ''middle'' period in a traditional schematic [[Periodization|division of Europe...
4: ...nd [[translation|translating]]. Notwithstanding, with the beginning of the [[Renaissance of the 12th c...
6: With this view the medieval men of science went in se...
14: ...olic Church|Catholic Church]], being the only institution to survive the process, maintained what was ...
16: ... on previous ignorance about the period combined with popular [[stereotype]]s.
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