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- History of science (41710 bytes)
2: ...erifiable [[empirical knowledge]], a global community of [[scholar]]s, and a set of [[technique]]s for...
4: ...any place ancient [[natural philosophy]] clearly within the scope of the history of science.
6: ...conception). [[Technology]] concerns the [[Creativity|creative]] process of designing useful objects a...
11: ...''is'', how it ''functions'', and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The [[sociology...
15: ...ommunity and those in the social sciences or humanities (for example, the "[[Science wars]]"). - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
1: ...ntity]], [[structure]], [[space]] and [[change]]. It developed, through the use of [[abstraction]] and...
8: ...ing, naturally followed [[arithmetic]] (e.g. [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]] and [[d...
10: ...ps [[prehistoric]] peoples first expressed [[quantity]] by drawing lines in the ground or scratching w...
12: Historically, the major disciplines within mathematics arose out of the need to do calcul...
15: ...tely has relevance for the subject which inspired it and can be applied to solve problems in that subj... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
2: ...ut were rarely constructed in his lifetime. In addition, he helped advance the study of [[anatomy]], [...
7: ...y a peasant girl. It has also been suggested, albeit on scanty evidence, that she was a [[Middle East|...
9: ...did not use his father's name because of his illegitimate status.
11: ...n apprentice. In this role, Leonardo also worked with [[Lorenzo di Credi]] and [[Pietro Perugino]].
12: ... he turned his mind to he made himself master of with ease" ([[Giorgio Vasari|Vasari]]). - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...y of science movement which includes [[logical positivism]].
6: ...usseau]] questioned and attacked the existing institutions of both [[Church]] and [[State]].
8: ...hilosophical ideas, and their application to [[political economy]], [[government]] and sciences such a...
10: ...Renaissance]] and [[Reformation]] preceded it (if it is thought of as a long period). Furthermore, [[R...
12: ...wo eras are [[lumpers/splitters|split]]; however, it is equally acceptable to think of them conjoined ... - Computer (32773 bytes)
3: ...in this way is given appropriate input data, then it can automatically solve the problem or predict th...
10: ...s possible onto the physical phenomena being exploited. For example, electron flows might be used to ...
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
14: ...al ones). This basic idea, which made modern ''digital'' computers possible, was formally identified a...
18: ...through output devices like light bulbs, LEDs, monitors, and printers. - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ...Engine]] was completed, and functioned perfectly. It was built to tolerances achievable in the [[19th ...
5: ...as a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in [[Teignmouth]]. His mother was Betsy...
8: ...idge, Charles said, "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done." The s...
10: Charles arrived at [[Trinity College]], [[Cambridge]] in October [[1810]]. He...
12: ...h honors. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814. - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...portrait by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich]]
3: ... three voyages to the [[Pacific Ocean]], in which its main shorelines were mapped. Cook was also a [[c...
7: ... day laborer on a farm. As a child, Cook moved with his family to [[Great Ayton]].
8: ...War]] to start again at the lowest level in the British [[Royal Navy]].
12: ...ted in the siege of [[Quebec City, Quebec|Quebec City]] before the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham]]... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
2: [[Image:Rene-Descartes-portrait-photo-image-crca.jpg|thumb|400px|Rene Descartes I...
4: ...at he will write on his topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". Nevertheless, many e...
6: ...of the [[electronic computer]] and by the possibility of [[machine intelligence]], blossomed into, e.g...
8: His most famous statement is ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' (''I think, therefore I am.''). - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
1: .... It also caused some Westerners to confuse Iran with Iraq; so in 1959 Pahlavi announced that both Per...
4: ...he international community to call the country by its native name, [[Iran]], which means Land of the [...
13: ...n [[state]]. The Persians gradually conquered territory from the native kingdom of [[Elam]], including...
15: ...ised not to terrorize Babylon nor destroy its institutions and culture. Cyrus was killed during a batt...
17: ...]] to the Persian Empire. The empire then reached its greatest extent under [[Darius I of Persia|Dariu... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
1: ...] [[technology]], [[civil engineering]] and [[architecture]], [[shipbuilding]] and [[navigation]], [[s...
3: ''Grant Duff'', a [[British]] [[historian]] has remarked: �Many of the a...
9: ...|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube root]].
11: ... [[atom]] and [[theory of relativity]] were explicitely stated by an Indian Philosopher around [[600 B...
14: *Fine Arts � [[Veda]]s were recited and recitation has to be correct, which gave rise to a fine... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ... [[Middle Ages]] - the ''middle'' period in a traditional schematic [[Periodization|division of Europe...
4: ...nd [[translation|translating]]. Notwithstanding, with the beginning of the [[Renaissance of the 12th c...
6: With this view the medieval men of science went in se...
14: ...olic Church|Catholic Church]], being the only institution to survive the process, maintained what was ...
16: ... on previous ignorance about the period combined with popular [[stereotype]]s. - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
1: ...]], [[Yemen]], and [[Oman]]. The Middle East with its particular characteristics was not to emerge unt...
10: === [[9th millennium BC]] ''(Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch)''===
13: * Circa [[8350 BC]] ? [[Neolithic]] settlement at [[Jericho]]
17:
29: ...dded, significantly expanding it and transforming it from a fresh-water landlocked lake into a salt wa... - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
3: ...numerical reality, except that numbers were not units as we define them today, but were expressions of...
5: ...as first studied by ancient mathematicians due to its frequent appearance in [[geometry]]. The golden...
7: ...eek letter]] '''φ''' ([[phi (letter)|phi]]), with '''τ''' ([[Tau (letter)|tau]]) being less co...
13: ...ymbol φ to represent the golden ratio, taking it from the first letter in the name of the [[Greeks...
15: == Definition == - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ...ral numbers, the integers form a [[countably infinite]] set.
3: == Algebraic properties ==
5: ...uct of any two integers is an integer. However, with the inclusion of the negative natural numbers, a...
7: ...ng table lists some of the basic properties of addition and multiplication for any integers ''a'', ''b...
9: | || addition || multiplication - Number (4151 bytes)
5: ...st be relaxed. Preserving the main ideas of "quantity" except for the [[total order]], one can define ...
11: ..., but it depends on the author if this means [[positive]], non-negative, or all integers.)
15: Rational numbers having a finite [[decimal|decimal representation]] are called [[...
17: The [[real number]]s '''R''', can have an infinite and non-repeating decimal expansion. Real number...
19: ...aically closed field]] in which every polynomial with complex coefficients can be completely factored.
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