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- History of science (41710 bytes)
1: {{histOfScience}}
2: ...rs back in [[time]], all the way into human [[prehistory]].
4: ...ral philosophy]] clearly within the scope of the history of science.
6: ...bly [[ethics]]. In practice, each of these fields is heavily used by the others as an external [[tool]...
8: ==Theories and sociology of the history of science== - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
1: '''Mathematics''' is the study of [[quantity]], [[structure]], [[space...
3: ...hematics used to do [[calculation]]s and is an indispensable tool in the [[natural science]]s and [[en...
5: ==History==
8: ...[multiplication]] and [[division (mathematics)|division]]).
10: ...[numeral system|writing numbers]]. Perhaps [[prehistoric]] peoples first expressed [[quantity]] by dr... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
2: ...modern technology but were rarely constructed in his lifetime. In addition, he helped advance the stud...
7: ...r, Ser Piero da Vinci was a young [[lawyer]] and his mother, Caterina, was most likely a peasant girl....
9: ...ably he did not use his father's name because of his illegitimate status.
11: ...fourteen-year old Leonardo as an apprentice. In this role, Leonardo also worked with [[Lorenzo di Cred...
12: ...uch a power of intellect that whatever he turned his mind to he made himself master of with ease" ([[G... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
1: {{histphil}}
3: ...entury]] in [[Europe | European philosophy]], and is often thought of
4: ... science movement which includes [[logical positivism]].
6: ...-Jacques Rousseau]] questioned and attacked the existing institutions of both [[Church]] and [[State]]...
8: ...ernment]] and sciences such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]]. - Computer (32773 bytes)
3: ...of a system. If a computer configured in this way is given appropriate input data, then it can automat...
4: ... the theory, design, and application of computers is called '''[[computer science]].'''
10: ...olved, in the sense that the problem being solved is mapped as closely as possible onto the physical p...
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
14: ...that can be translated into mathematical ones). This basic idea, which made modern ''digital'' compute... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ...r]]. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the [[London Science Museum]]. In [[1991]]...
5: ...s who owned the Bitton Estate in [[Teignmouth]]. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In [[1808]] t...
8: ...ing comprehensive school still extant today, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a ti...
10: ...son|Simpson]], and [[Lacroix]] and was seriously disappointed in the mathematical instruction availabl...
16: ... only three lived to adulthood. Charles' father, his wife Georgiana Babbage, and one son died in [[182... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...mage:captainjamescookportrait.jpg|thumb|250px|British explorer James Cook, portrait by Nathaniel Dance...
3: ...], [[1779]]) was a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[explorers|explorer]] and [[navigator]]. He m...
7: ...laborer on a farm. As a child, Cook moved with his family to [[Great Ayton]].
8: ...r]] to start again at the lowest level in the British [[Royal Navy]].
12: ...allowing [[James_Wolfe | General Wolfe]] to make his famous stealth attack on the [[Plains of Abraham]... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
4: ...laining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God’s act of creat...
6: ...ysis]]. Descartes's reflections on mind and mechanism began the strain of western thought that much la...
8: His most famous statement is ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]'' (''I think, therefore I a...
11: ... old, his mother died of [[Tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. At the age of ten, he entered the [[Society of... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
1: ...me, Iran. Some Persian scholars protested this decision because changing the name separated the countr...
4: ...er European nations termed the area ''Persia''. This province was the core of the original Persian Emp...
6: ==The rise and fall of empires in Persia==
13: ...important region of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]]. Teispes' descendants branched off into two lines, one ...
15: ... of Human Rights]]. In this charter, the king promised not to terrorize Babylon nor destroy its instit... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
1: ...[mathematics]], [[astronomy]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[medical science]] and [[surgery]], [[fine...
3: ''Grant Duff'', a [[British]] [[historian]] has remarked: �Many of the advances in ...
7: ...]s as well as a land of [[scholar]]s and [[scientist]]s. Ancient India�s contribution to science an...
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
12: ...t remained abstract but also found expression in distillation of [[perfume]]s, [[aromatic]] liquids, m... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
1: {{histOfScience}}
2: ... term 'Middle Ages' usually refers to [[European history]], scientific advances in the [[Eastern world...
4: ...phy]] focused on [[logic]] and advocated [[empiricism]], perceiving nature as a coherent system of law...
6: With this view the medieval men of science went in search o...
14: ...tellectual strength, especially through [[monasticism]]. - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
1: ...t earlier in time, the term [[Ancient Near East]] is used.
3: ...untries]]. See [[Ancient Near East]] for ancient history of the Middle East.
5: {{listdev}}
7: ==Prehistoric and Ancient Period==
16: ...Nevali Cori]] in present-day [[Turkey]] are established. - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
1: ...cle is about the mathematical ratio. For the [[Aristotelian]] concept of "golden mean" see [[Nicomach...
3: ...ed frequently in art and design. The golden ratio is also referred to as the '''golden mean''', '''gol...
5: ..., as the whole line is to the greater segment, so is the greater to the lesser".
7: The golden ratio is typically symbolized by the [[Greek alphabet|Gree...
13: ...s long believed to have used the golden ratio in his designs. - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ...wn as the '''whole numbers''', although that term is also used to refer only to the positive integers ...
3: == Algebraic properties ==
5: ...nder the operation of [[division (mathematics)|division]], since the quotient of two integers (''e.g.'...
7: The following table lists some of the basic properties of addition and mu...
11: ...ger || ''a'' × ''b'' is an integer - Number (4151 bytes)
5: ...ast since the invention of [[complex number]]s, this definition must be relaxed. Preserving the main i...
11: ...ted by '''W''', but it depends on the author if this means [[positive]], non-negative, or all integers...
13: ...tional number]]s. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by '''Q'''.
19: ... [[complex number]]s '''C''', which leads to an [[algebraically closed field]] in which every polynomial wi...
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
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