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- Margaret of Anjou (3729 bytes)
3: ...married King Henry VI, who was eight years her senior, on April 23, [[1445]], at [[Titchfield]] in [[H...
12: ... of Westminster]], was born, on [[October 13]], [[1453]], he had suffered a complete mental breakdown. ...
14: ...usband was threatened with deposition by the ambitious [[Richard, Duke of York]]. With the king captur...
18: ...f King [[Louis XI of France]], and at his instigation she allowed an approach from Edward's former sup...
20: ...ten years, she had gained a reputation for aggression and ruthlessness, but now she was a broken spiri... - Renaissance (14795 bytes)
1: ...|European history]]. It marks the transitional period between the end of the [[Middle Ages]] and the s...
4: ==Historiography==
5: ...t meaningful ways: A rebirth of [[classical education|classical learning and knowledge]] through the r...
10: ...[[Early Modern]]". (See [[periodization|periodisation]], [[Lumpers and splitters]])
12: ...will concentrate on the Renaissance as the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age. - Middle Ages (21063 bytes)
1: ...rn]] period that preceded the [[Industrial Revolution]].
6: ... fact revealed its surprising artistic sophistication, though its political and social senses were une...
8: ...is connection too was lost. Administrative, educational and military infrastructure quickly vanished, ...
12: ...ns did not withstand the changes, and the institutional support for large scale chattel slavery largel...
14: ... the art of writing, and a centralised administration through its network of [[bishop]]s. The Early Mi... - Medieval art (6359 bytes)
3: ...h Africa. It includes the major art movements, national art, genres, revivals, the artists crafts, and...
5: ...e art]] and [[Islamic art]]. In addition each "nation" or culture in the Middle Ages had its own disti...
13: ... based on about nine large-scale movements, or periods.
15: ...the production of art in the East. During this period Christian artists adopted the Roman crafts of pa...
17: ...en finally late in the period some Viking inspirations were added in Ireland. - Printing press (12986 bytes)
1: ...n Coster]] has also been credited with this invention.
4: ...such as the "Pauper's Bibles" emphasized illustrations and used words sparsely. As a new block had to ...
6: ...d languages. Movable type did spur, however, additional scholarly pursuits in [[Song China]] and facil...
8: ...ed as a craftsman were crucial to the later invention of the press. The claim that Gutenberg introduce...
11: ===[[Diffusion (anthropology)|Diffusion]] of printing in Europe=== - Greece (54754 bytes)
1: ...as the cradle of [[Western world|Western civilization]] and the birthplace of [[democracy]], Greece ha...
8: | align=center width=130 | ([[Flag of Greece|National Flag]]) || align=center width=130px |
11: | colspan=2 align=center | <small>''National [[motto]]:'' ΕΛΕΥΘ	...
13: ...colspan=2 style="background:#fff;" | [[image:LocationGreece.png]]
27: ...ensity|Density]] || [[List of countries by population|Ranked 70th]]<br/>10,665,989<br/>82/km² - List of people by name: Y (12717 bytes)
31: ...ing]], (born 1980), [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] [[Basketball]] player, [[Houston Rockets]]
108: *[[Yoannis XI of Alexandria]], ([[1428]]-[[1453]]), Coptic Pope
129: *[[Thom Yorke|Yorke, Thom]], of [[Radiohead]]
148: ...oung|Young, Brigham]], (1801-1877), American religious leader
160: *[[Horatio Nelson Young|Young, Horatio Nelson]], (1845-1913), military hero - List of painters (54090 bytes)
12: ...[[1840]]-[[1926]]), French [[Impressionism|impressionist]] painter
14: ...6]]), US [[Abstract expressionism|abstract expressionist]] [[painter]]
17: ...[[1841]]-[[1919]]), French [[Impressionism|impressionist]] painter
31: *[[Aetion]] ([[4th century BC]])
38: *[[Mariotto Albertinelli]] ([[1474]]-[[1515]]) - Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
24: | The [[Lombard]] invasion results in the loss of most of Italy.
43: | [[1453]]
46: ...e process of [[Hellenization]] and [[Christianization]] was well underway.
51: ...eir eastern neighbours as true Romans. The [[Donation of Constantine]], one of the most famous [[forge...
53: ...g manner since he ascribed his changes to ''historiography'' and not ''history'' itself. - Hundred Years' War (30012 bytes)
3: ...g of a French [[civil war]] as much as an international conflict, the historian Philippe de Vries sugg...
5: ...verall key developments in the early growth of nations and new monarchies. It is often viewed as one o...
10: ...retaking it. The war was both a "[[Nationalism|national]]" desire to re-take a former kingdom, and per...
15: ...[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]], without question.
17: ...Another effect of the war was to galvanize opposition to Edward II among the English lords of Aquitain... - Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
3: ...acy of Augustus, the pre-Augustan state is conventionally described as the [[Roman Republic]], since t...
5: ...[Constantinople]]. After another millennium, in [[1453]], the Eastern Empire, better known as the [[Byza...
7: ... by historians to distinguish various semantic periods or eras. Such names include [[Byzantine Empire]...
9: ...orical forms continued until the [[Byzantine]] period, more than one thousand years after they were cr...
11: ...or states and other entities with imperial pretensions, including the [[Frankish]] kingdom, the [[Holy... - Russia (28007 bytes)
2: ...[Canada]]. It ranks eighth in the world in population, following [[China]], [[India]], the [[United St...
4: ...ssolution in December [[1991]]. In the [[Soviet Union]] Russia was called the [[Russian Soviet Federat...
6: ...but is still far from that of the former Soviet Union.
13: ...s]]. The Slavs constituted the bulk of the population from the [[8th century]] onwards and slowly assi...
15: ...o the Varangians and the Slavs who peopled the region. In the [[10th century|10th]] to [[11th century|... - History of Christianity (35391 bytes)
10: ... often relying on different interpretations of various passages from the Old Testament (or [[Tanakh]])...
12: ...]. Christians initially adopted the Greek translations of the Jewish scriptures (the [[Septuagint]]) a...
26: ... an unbroken timeline from this period. This section will examine those first 300 years.
29: ...dache]] found in the [[Apostolic Fathers]] collection further documents early church practice.
39: *[[Ignatius of Antioch]] - Ottoman Empire (15917 bytes)
14: | ''El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious'' (as written in tugra)
25: | '''[[Population]]'''
26: | ''ca'' 40 million
34: | '''[[Fall of the Ottoman Empire|Dissolution]]'''
41: ...The [[Ottoman Flag|flag]] of the later Ottoman period</small> - Hagia Sophia (7132 bytes)
3: The '''Church of the Holy Wisdom''', variously known as '''Hagia Sophia''' (Άγ_...
5: == Construction ==
7: ...te during the 4th century. Following the destruction of the first church, a second was built by [[Con...
8: ...e building was rebuilt under the personal supervision of emperor [[Justinian I]] and rededicated on De...
10: ...t poetic ''ekphrasis'', probably for the rededication of [[563]], which followed the collapse of the m... - Konya (2390 bytes)
1: ... central plateau of [[Anatolia]]. It has a population of 742 690 (in 2000) and it is the capital of [[...
9: ...aramanid fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and, in [[1453]], Konya was made the provincial capital of the O...
13: ... Islam") and, paradoxically, for the high consumption of [[raki]] (both of these have become something... - Byzantine art (10470 bytes)
1: ...]. (The Roman Empire during this period is conventionally known as the [[Byzantine Empire]].)
3: ...]]. In some respects the Byzantine artistic tradition has continued in [[Greece]], [[Russia]] and othe...
5: ==Introduction==
7: ...n, the purpose of Byzantine art was the glorification of [[God]], and particularly of his son, [[Jesus...
9: ... and the nude was banished from its dominant position in art. - Byzantine coinage (4605 bytes)
4: ...reverse (back) featured the value of the denomination represented according to the [[Greek numerals|Gr...
6: ... conducted with bronze coinage throughout this period.
8: The golden solidus remained a standard of international commerce until the eleventh century, when it b...
10: ...r (weight roughly 1.5g) which was struck in imitation of the Roman Denarius which widely circulated in...
12: ...lation until the end of the Byzantine Empire in [[1453]], though after the second half of the fourteenth... - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
1: ...of [[Byzantium]] ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Byzantion or ''Βυζάντι&...
3: ...argest and richest urban center in Europe, a position it would hold for nearly a thousand years. As t...
5: ...f the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century. The 60 foot tall walls bui...
9: ...y fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] on [[May 29]], [[1453]], during the reign of Constantine Paleologos (&#...
23: ...bul.html Info on the name change] from the Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Cul... - Medieval History (23198 bytes)
2: ...rn]] period that preceded the [[Industrial Revolution]].
8: ... fact revealed its surprising artistic sophistication, though its political and social senses were une...
10: ...is connection too was lost. Administrative, educational and military infrastructure quickly vanished, ...
14: ...ns did not withstand the changes, and the institutional support for large scale chattel slavery largel...
16: ... the art of writing, and a centralised administration through its network of [[bishop]]s. The Early Mi...
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