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- Lymphatic system (6229 bytes)
1: ...lorless, watery fluid originating from [[interstitial fluid]] (fluid in the tissues). The lymphatic sy...
4: ...ost the same composition as the original interstitial fluid.
7: ...left [[subclavian vein]]s (sub = underneath, ,clavian = collar bones i.e. they run along the underside...
11: ...stem, to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. The enriched lymph originatin...
25: ...ocytes that collect and destroy [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[virus]]es. When the body is fighting an i... - Immune system (14564 bytes)
6: ...ded by the first enzyme. While study of the bacterial immune system provides useful insights into immu...
8: ...as [[virus (biology)|viruses]], [[bacterium|bacteria]], [[parasite]]s), some [[poison]]s, as well as s...
13: ...olysaccharide]] coats of various species of bacteria.
15: ...ning'' to recognize non-self. For instance, the [[plasma membrane]] of every ''nucleated'' cell contains m...
23: ...immune system may take days or weeks after an initial infection to have an effect. However, most organ... - Kidney (12846 bytes)
3: ...urinary system]], the kidneys filter wastes (especially [[urea]]) from the [[blood]] and excrete them,...
11: The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth [[rib]]s...
15: ...oncave side facing inwards (medially). On this medial aspect of each kidney is an opening, called the ...
20: ... Nephrons regulate water and soluble matter (especially [[electrolyte]]s) in the body by first filteri...
22: ...onent called the [[renal corpuscle]] (or [[Malpighian corpuscle]]), and a [[renal tubule]] that extend... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...uding detoxification, [[glycogen]] storage and [[plasma protein]] synthesis. It also produces [[bile]], w...
5: ...sits immediately under the [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]] on the right side of the upper abdomen. T...
7: ...]. The hepatic artery normally comes off the [[celiac trunk]]. The portal vein brings venous blood fro...
9: ...resemble those of a tree, and indeed the term "biliary tree" is commonly used in this setting.
14: ...true anatomic ligaments in joints, and have essentially no functional importance, but they are easily ... - Connective tissue (1646 bytes)
3: * [[Bone]] contains specialized cells called [[osteocyte]]s embedded in a mi...
4: ...Loose connective tissue]] holds organs and epithelia in place, and has a variety of [[protein]]aceous ...
7: ... extracellular matrix of [[blood]] is the [[blood plasma]], which transports dissolved [[nutrient]]s, [[ho...
14: ..., such as joints, heart valves, organ walls, arterial walls, etc. - Science (19868 bytes)
6: ...empirical results that can be checked and [[Falsifiability|possibly contradicted]].
12: ...govern human affairs. Because of their close affiliation, the terms "positivism" and "empiricism" are ...
16: ...knowledge of the real, and empiricism makes a crucial error of reasoning — the '''epistemic fall...
26: ...have different meanings in science than in colloquial speech. Scientists use the term ''model'' to mea...
30: An especially fruitful theory that has withstood the test of... - Acrosome (814 bytes)
1: ...rom the [[Golgi apparatus]]. In [[Eutheria|Eutherian]] [[mammals]], acrosome formation is completed d...
4: ...'''; also, the acrosomal vesicle fuses with the [[plasma membrane]] of the egg cell, and digestive enzymes... - Chemistry (12553 bytes)
9: ...also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry.
11: ...nalytical chemistry'' is the [[analysis]] of material samples to gain an understanding of their [[chem...
21: ...[Geochemistry]], [[History of chemistry]], [[Materials science]], [[Medicinal chemistry]], [[Molecular...
68: ...nown as a [[triple point]] and since this is invariant, it is a convenient way to define a set of cond...
70: ...e and temperature of the system. While most familiar phases deal with three-dimensional systems, it i... - Solar system (21174 bytes)
5: ... less clear-cut than once thought. This encyclopedia employs the following divisions:
23: *Artificial [[satellite]]s orbiting the planets, mainly Eart...
25: **[[Space debris]] of artificial origin that can be found in orbit around Earth.
26: ...omets in general, or to asteroids below 10 km in diameter.
33: *[[Trans-Neptunian object]]s, which are icy bodies whose [[semimajo... - Sun (20830 bytes)
25: | 2.26×10<sup>8</sup> [[Julian year|a]]
32: ! align="left" | Diameter
78: ...]<br>of North pole <sup>[http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm 1]</sup>
85: ...(25 d 9 h 7 min 12?8 s) [http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm <sup>1</sup>]
128: ... of about 10 [[billion]] years (10 [[Giga|G]][[Julian year|a]]), and the Sun formed about 5 Ga (5 bill... - Cell biology (3658 bytes)
1: ...led organisms like [[bacterium|bacteria]] and specialized cells in multicellular organisms like [[huma...
3: ...damental to all of the biological sciences. Appreciating the similarities and differences between cell...
8: ...he ER and Golgi to the plasma membrane. From the plasma membrane, proteins destined to be degraded move b...
23: *[[Cilia]] - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
1: [[Image:Epithelial-cells.jpg|right|thumb|160px|Cells in culture, [[...
2: ...ng blocks of life." Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Ot...
5: ...cause of the likeness he saw between [[cork (material)|cork]] cells and small rooms.
11: ...onvert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Each...
15: ...bolism|Metabolism]], including taking in raw materials, building cell components, creating [[energy]] ... - Pioneer 11 (5118 bytes)
5: ...73]]. It is 2.9 meters long and has a 2.74-meter-diameter high-gain [[antenna (electronics)|antenna]],...
7: ... scientific information was obtained from [[celestial mechanics]] and [[occultation phenomena]].
11: ...titude]] of 17.4 degrees above the [[solar equatorial plane]] and was heading outward at 2.5 [[Astrono...
15: ...space|space]] probe is ever found by extraterrestrial intelligences, this message is meant to provide ... - Cilium (3845 bytes)
1: ...humb|300px|right|''cross-section of two motile cilia, showing the "9+2" structure'']]
3: ...micro metres in length. There are two types of cilia: (1) ''motile cilium'', which constantly beats in...
6: ...rus'''). Most other organisms that have motile cilia use them only to move liquid over their cell's su...
8: ...the lungs. In the [[oviduct]]s, the beating of cilia moves the [[ovum]] from the [[ovary]] to the [[ut...
10: ...t receptors locate. Almost all types of the mammalian cells have a single non-motile cilium called "''... - Cytoskeleton (4391 bytes)
1: ...es such as [[flagellum|flagella]] and [[cilium|cilia]]), and plays important roles in both intra-cellu...
9: ...a membrane, as they keep cellular shape, form cytoplasmatic protuberancies (like [[pseudopods]] and [[micr...
11: ===Intermediate Filaments===
12: ''Main article: [[intermediate filament]]s''
14: These 8 to 11 nanometers in diameter filaments are the more stable (strongly boun... - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
1: ...nction is to process [[protein]]s targeted to the plasma membrane, [[lysosome]]s or endosomes and those th...
7: ...the Golgi apparatus, (12) Secretory vesicle, (13) Plasma membrane, (14) [[Exocytosis]], (15) Cytoplasm, (1...
9: ...hile the ''trans'' face is directed towards the [[plasma membrane]] (Fig. 1). The cis and trans faces have...
15: ... The proteins are then transported through the medial region towards the trans face and are modified o... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
3: ...ase structure and composition is similar to the [[plasma membrane]], though it is an extension of the [[nu...
36: ...lcium ion storage and release. This process is mediated by voltage gated calcium channels, and the cal...
38: ...ils]], forming triads with invaginations of the [[plasma membrane]] called [[T tubules]].
54: ...arrangement.''' Disulfide bonds stabilize the tertiary and quaternary structure of many proteins. - Mitochondrion (10103 bytes)
1: ... structures in the light microscope.''' Mitochondria are selectively stained with a fluorescent dye. ...
3: ... more activity means more mitochondria. Mitochondria can occupy up to 25% of the cell's [[cytosol]].
5: ...their primary function is to convert organic materials into [[energy]] in the form of [[adenosine trip...
9: ... of dramatic changes in shape. Finally, mitochondria can fuse with one another, or split in two.
11: ...ncreasing the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane. - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
1: ...cid hydrolases leak into the cytosol, their potential to damage the cell will be reduced, because they...
9: ...where old components such as worn out [[mitochondria]] are continuously destroyed and replaced by new ...
10: ... invade a cell and helping repair damage to the [[plasma membrane]] by serving as a membrane patch, sealin... - Vacuole (5544 bytes)
1: ...g to some authors (Esau, 1965). Vacuoles are especially conspicuous in most plant cells.
10: [[Image:Diagram-Biological_cell_vacuole.png|thumb||400px|righ...
30: ...Organelle|organelles]] are covered with multiplex plasma membranes called autophagosomes. Next, the autoph...
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