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  1. Eudocia Macrembolitissa (2682 bytes)
    5: ...ian Guard]] then compelled Eudocia to vacate the throne in favour of Michael and retire to a [[convent...
    12: *[[Michael Psellus the Younger]]. ''Chronographia''.
    13: ...e Empresses: Woman and Power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204''. Routledge, 1999.
  2. Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
    5: ...ry, wife of Hugh I, [[Count of Rethel]]. She had three younger sisters: [[Alice of Antioch|Alice]], [[...
    9: ...1169]]), and [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] ([[1121]]-[[1204]]). Melisende's authority was not passed over for...
    11: ...lem") and took precedence above other nobles and Christian clergy in ceremonial occasions. Increasingl...
    13: ...esignated heir as England's next Queen regnant). Throughout the negotiations Fulk insisted on being jo...
    15: ... in [[1131]], Melisende and Fulk ascended to the throne as joint rulers. However, with the aid of his ...
  3. Eleanor of Aquitaine (11927 bytes)
    3: ..., [[France]], c. [[1124]] – [[March 31]], [[1204]] in [[Fontevrault]], [[Anjou]]) was one of the w...
    6: The eldest of three children, her father was [[William X of Aquitai...
    10: ... [[Louis VII of France]], the heir to the French throne. The marriage, on [[July 22]], [[1137]], broug...
    14: ...ective. This did nothing for her popularity in [[Christendom]].
    20: When they passed through [[Rome]] on the way to Paris, [[Pope Eugene I...
  4. Greece (54754 bytes)
    65: ... Great]] and aimed at the defeat of the 'eastern threat' of the Persians. Alexander led the Greeks to ...
    70: ...rist on the walls of the upper southern gallery. Christ is flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Bap...
    72: ...omini|AD]] [[600]] the old cities of Greece shrank considerably due to barbarian raids by the [[A...
    76: ...re was rescued by the resolute leadership of the three Comnenus emperors [[Alexius I]], [[John II]] an...
    80: ... not to last: During the Crusading epochs between 1204 to 1458, Greece was overrun by warrings Byzantine...
  5. Crusade (28507 bytes)
    2: ...that took place during the [[11th century|11th]] through [[13th century|13th centuries]]. Originally, ...
    7: ...tabilization of local European borders after the Christianization of the [[Vikings]], [[Slavs]], and [...
    9: ...d given papal blessing to Spanish [[Christianity|Christians]] in their wars against the [[Muslim]]s, g...
    11: ...troversy. The result was an awakening of intense Christian piety and public interest in religious affa...
    13: ... with invasions by Muslims and other hostile non-Christians such as the Vikings and Magyars. However, ...
  6. Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
    37: | [[1204]]
    46: ... capital, the process of [[Hellenization]] and [[Christianization]] was well underway.
    57: ...fined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empir...
    72: ...mpire was not yet "Byzantine" under Constantine, Christianity would become one of the defining charact...
    78: ...Zeno negotiated with the [[Goths]], ending their threats to the east but leaving them in control of th...
  7. Castle (27805 bytes)
    28: ...natural geography to support the defensive walls through exploitation of cliffs, rivers, hills, and th...
    30: ... were very permanent structures and many survive through to the modern day; they are now mostly consid...
    46: ... period on the border of [[Herefordshire]] and [[Shropshire]] by [[Richard Fitz Scrob]]. The essential...
    57: ...projecting towers. From the Byzantine engineers, through the crusaders, we derive, therefore, the card...
    61: ...rc;teau Gaillard fell to [[Philip Augustus]] in [[1204]] after a strenuous defence, and the success of t...
  8. Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
    7: ...rn Roman Empire]], which are used interchangably throughout this article to mean the same as Roman Emp...
    19: ... [[Julius Caesar]], when his ambitions seemed to threaten the republic - now placidly accepted one ma...
    29: ...lgation of the cult of the Deified Julius Caesar throughout the Empire, and the encouragement of a qua...
    35: ... reign and his work covered all of Roman history through [[9 BC]], only [[epitome]]s survive of his co...
    46: ...s first marriage ([[Caligula]] and [[Nero]]), or through Augustus' sister [[Octavia]] ([[Claudius]]). ...
  9. Venice (22017 bytes)
    6: ...ssocracy]] or ''Repubblica Marinara'', the other three being [[Genoa]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]]). Its...
    10: ... the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
    12: ...with Venetian aid) seized [[Constantinople]] in [[1204]] and established the [[Latin Empire]]. Considera...
    14: ...ment’s consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and th...
    20: ...ng into conflict with the [[Papacy]]. Venice was threatened with the [[interdict]] on a number of occa...
  10. Seljuk Turks (7657 bytes)
    5: ... His brothers did not recognize his claim to the throne and [[Mahmud II of Great Seljuk|Mahmud II]] pr...
    7: ...ing their former empire. For a brief period, [[Toghrül III|Toğrül III]], was the Sulta...
    11: ...[[Toghrül|Toğrül]] bin Mikail (Tughril Beg) [[1037]]-[[1063]]
    12: * [[Alp Arslan]] bin Chaghri [[1063]]-[[1072]]
    21: * [[Toghrül II|Toğrül II]] (Tughril Beg) [[1132]]-[[1134]]
  11. Parthenon (12682 bytes)
    21: Internally, the cella was lined on three sides with a [[frieze]] showing the great proce...
    27: ...sack of the city during the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204.
    29: ... the Parthenon was converted to a [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church]]. In [[Byzantine]] times it was...
    43: ...up the path at the western end of the Acropolis, through the restored [[Propylaea]], and up the Panath...
    45: ...marble by [[acid rain]] polluted by car exhausts threatens the remaining sculptures and the temple its...
  12. Ferdinand Magellan (19348 bytes)
    20: ...shop of [[Burgos]] and the persistent enemy of [[Christopher Columbus]].
    24: ...an, and he found an invaluable financial ally in Christopher de Haro, a member of a great [[Antwerp (p...
    41: ...hey called Puerto San Julian. A mutiny involving three of the five ship captains broke out. It was uns...
    43: ...lan.jpeg|thumb|right|The Straits of Magellan cut through the southern tip of [[South America]] connect...
    47: ...[November 1]], occurred while the fleet traveled through it. Now, the strait is named the [[Strait of ...
  13. List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
    50: *[[Alexander of Aphrodisias]], (2nd century){{fn|C}}{{fn|R}}
    145: *[[Christoph Gottfried Bardili]], (1761-1808)
    218: *[[Niels Bohr]], (1885-1962){{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
    347: *[[Christine de Pizan]], (c. 1365-c. 1430){{fn|R}}
    348: *[[Andrea Christofidou]]
  14. Hagia Sophia (7132 bytes)
    10: ...s the Silentiary]] composed an extant poetic ''ekphrasis'', probably for the rededication of [[563]], ...
    20: ...e. At Hagia Sophia the weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the ...
    26: All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple [[Porphyr...
    30: ...ge:Ac.christmosaic.jpg|thumb|left|Mosaic Icon of Christ]]
    32: ...imperial ceremonies. During the Latin Occupation (1204-1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedra...
  15. Byzantine art (10470 bytes)
    7: ...] ethic of Ancient Greek art was replaced by a [[Christian]] ethic. If the purpose of classical art wa...
    9: ...e [[4th century BC]] onwards. But the triumph of Christianity brought with it a sexual conservatism de...
    11: ...art was, and still is, the [[icon]]: an image of Christ, the Virgin (particularly the Virgin and Child...
    13: Another consequence of the triumph of Christianity was a decline in the importance of natur...
    15: ...63) and the [[Empress Eudokia]] being crowned by Christ, a striking illustration of the link between C...
  16. Constantinople (4125 bytes)
    3: ...tantinople simply ''i Poli'' ("the City"), while throughout Europe it was known as the "Queen of Citie...
    5: ...ally lead to a [[East-West Schism]] that divided Christianity into [[Catholic|Western Catholicism]] an...
    7: ...aptured and sacked by the [[Fourth Crusade]] in [[1204]] (April 12), and then re-captured by [[Nicaean E...
  17. Praseodymium (9138 bytes)
    62: | 1204 [[Kelvin|K]] (1707.8 ?[[Fahrenheit|F]])
  18. List of Byzantine Emperors (11779 bytes)
    3: ...I of the Roman Empire|Constantine I]] (the first Christian emperor, who moved the capital to Constanti...
    35: ...t (???-610, ruled [[602]] - [[610]]) – overthrew Maurice
    47: ...r (ruled [[698]] - [[705]]) – soldier; overthrew Leontius II
    68: ==Amorian (or Phrygian) dynasty==
    95: ...s]] (1007-1060, ruled [[1057]] - [[1059]]) - overthrew Michael VI
  19. Song Dynasty (16385 bytes)
    16: ...eloped [[gunpowder]], the [[cannon]], the [[flamethrower]], [[printing]] technology, amongst many othe...
    183:

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