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- Maria Theresa of Austria (8450 bytes)
1: ... Spain]], a less known relative of hers, who was the queen consort of [[Louis XIV of France]].''
3: ...f Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla]]
4: ...was undoubtedly one of the most powerful women of her time, ruling over most of central Europe.
6: ...when it was issued, on Charles' death ([[1740]]) the [[War of Austrian Succession]] began.
8: ...nions, but she actually kept most of the power to herself. - Denis Diderot (13048 bytes)
1: ...thumb|right|''Portrait of Diderot'' by [[Louis-Michel van Loo]], 1767]]
3:
5: ...[[free will]]. He is also known as the author of the essay ''Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing G...
7: ...l the pictures that we have of the daily life of the philosophic circle in Paris.
10: ...tly added to this a short complementary essay on the sufficiency of [[natural religion]]. - Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
1: ...Yelizaveta Petrovna, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russias (1709-62)]]
3: ...nment and not a single person was executed during her reign.
7: ...by political opponents to challenge her right to the throne.
9: ...rom her earliest years she delighted every one by her extraordinary beauty and vivacity.
11: ... found herself at the age of eighteen practically her own mistress. - Carpet (15753 bytes)
1: ...ables. Only with the opening of trade routes in the 17th century were significant numbers of [[Persia...
3: ...icates a covering that is affixed to a floor and the latter a floor covering that is loose-laid, most ...
8: [[Image:Swatches of carpet 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Swatches of machine-made carpet]]
12: ...ps of cloth such as wool or cotton through the meshes of a sturdy fabric such as burlap. This type of ...
14: ...not types (see below) to form the pile or nap of the carpet. - George Washington (29551 bytes)
19: ...served as President of the [[1787]] [[History of the United States Constitution|Constitutional Convent...
21: ...n [[democracy]] that served as an example around the world.
24: ...or [[Lady Day]]) at the time of his birth, hence the difference in his birth year. His birthplace was ...
26: ...uly [[1752]], he rented and eventually inherited the estate, [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]...
29: ...], and shows Washington in uniform as colonel of the 1st Virginia Regiment.]] - Thomas Jefferson (31127 bytes)
9: | date of birth=[[April 13]], [[1743]]
14: ...tha Wayles Skelton Jefferson|Martha]] died before he took office
18: ...[slavery|slaveowner]], [[author]] and founder of the [[University of Virginia]].
20: ...residency include the [[Louisiana Purchase]] and the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]].
23: ...e founding his own vision of higher education at the [[University of Virginia]]. - Finland (29511 bytes)
1: ...ish language name for Finland is '''Suomi.''' In the Swedish language it is '''Finland'''.
18: |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Helsinki]]
20: |'''Largest City''' || [[Helsinki]]
40: | '''[[National anthem]]''' || [[Maamme|Maamme<br>/V岴 land]]
51: ... especially in the northern and eastern parts of the country. - South Dakota (14035 bytes)
8: Nickname = The Mount Rushmore State |
30: HighestElev = 2,207 |
38: ...of the northern Middle West. It is named after the [[Lakota]] ([[Sioux]]) [[Native American|American...
39: ... 2]], [[1889]]. [[North Dakota]] was admitted on the same day (see '''Trivia''', below).
41: ... and [[Montana]]. It is one of the six states of the [[Frontier Strip]]. - List of painters (54090 bytes)
1: The following list is an incomplete '''list of painte...
10: *[[Michelangelo Buonarroti]], ([[1475]]-[[1564]]), Italian...
16: *[[Rembrandt]], ([[1606]]-[[1669]]), [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[painter]]
22: *[[Hans von Aachen]] ([[1552]]-[[1615]])
27: *[[Andreas Achenbach]] ([[1815]]-[[1910]]) - January 1 (18244 bytes)
1: ...th Night]], a holiday when gifts were exchanged. There are 364 days remaining (365 in [[leap year]]s).
6: *[[45 BC]] - The [[Julian calendar]] first takes effect.
8: *[[990]] - Russia adopts the Julian calendar.
10: *[[1600]] - [[Scotland]] begins using the [[Julian calendar]].
13: *[[1700]] - [[Russia]] begins using the [[Julian calendar]]. - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
3: The '''Age of Enlightenment''' refers to the [[18th century]] in [[Europe | European philosoph...
4: ...e arts, and receives contemporary application in the unity of science movement which includes [[logica...
6: ...[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] questioned and attacked the existing institutions of both [[Church]] and [[St...
8: ...government]] and sciences such as [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]].
10: ...g period). Furthermore, [[Romanticism]] followed the Enlightenment. - List of chemists (10401 bytes)
1: This is a list of famous chemists:
6: *[[Emil Abderhalden]], (1877-1950), German chemist
7: *[[Richard Abegg]], (1869-1910), German chemist
8: *[[Arthur Aikin]], (1773-1854), English chemist and mineralogist
9: ...[[Johan August Arfwedson]], (1792-1841), Swedish chemist - Benjamin Franklin (22881 bytes)
2: ... [[Royal Society]]. In [[1775]], Franklin became the first [[United States Postmaster General]].
4: ...[[lightning rod]], [[swimfin]]s, improvements to the [[glass harmonica]], and possibly [[bifocals]].
9: ...[[1667]], to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife [[Mary Morrill]].
11: ...f whom being half-siblings of Benjamin Franklin. They included: Elizabeth ([[March 2]] [[1678]]), Samu...
13: ..., [[1688]]), and Joseph ([[June 30]], [[1689]]) (the first Joseph having died soon after birth). - List of mathematicians (37424 bytes)
1: The famous [[mathematician]]s are listed below in [[English language...
7: *[[Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi]] (Arab mathematician, ? - ?)
9: *[[Niels Henrik Abel]] (Norway, [[1802]] - [[1829]])
13: *[[Wilhelm Ackermann]] (Germany, [[1896]] - [[1962]])
29: *[[Alexander Anderson (mathematician)|Alexander Anderson]] (Scotland, [[1582]]... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
1: ...opher]]s''' ''(and non-philosophers important in the history of philosophy)'', '''listed alphabeticall...
13: *[[Johann Heinrich Abicht]], (1762-1816)
21: *[[Robert Adams (philosopher)|Robert Adams]], (born 1937){{fn|O}}
25: *[[Theodor Adorno]], (1903-1969){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
32: *[[Agrippa the Sceptic]], (1st/2nd century){{fn|R}} - Celsius (3635 bytes)
8: |Celsius ||Fahrenheit ||°F = °C × 1.8 + 32
10: |[[Fahrenheit]] ||Celsius ||°C = (°F – 32) / 1....
18: ...s Linnaeus]] (1740); also independently invented the same measurement.
20: ...ition ensures that one degree Celsius represents the same temperature difference as one [[kelvin]].
22: ...Daniel Ekstr?, the manufacturer of most of the [[thermometer]]s used by Celsius. - Holmium (7766 bytes)
1: ...-- Here is a table of data; skip past it to edit the text. -->
17: | [[Chemical series]]
50: | 3 (weak [[base (chemistry)|base]])
53: | Hexagonal
61: | 1743 [[Kelvin|K]] (2678 ?[[Fahrenheit|F]]) - Voltaire (48640 bytes)
1: {{dablink|For the singer and songwriter of the same name, see [[Voltaire (band)]].}}
4: ...riter]], [[deism|deist]] and [[philosophy|philosopher]].
8: ...oughout his life, Voltaire sometimes implied that he came from a [[noble]] background.
10: ...other was very fond, married early; the elder brother, Armand, was a strong [[Jansenism|Jansenist]] an...
12: ...], and probably kindled his lifelong devotion to the stage.
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