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  1. Locomotive (16705 bytes)
    3: ...se they have payload space or are rarely detached from their trains, are known as power cars.
    5: ...h the trains in one direction, and are controlled from a control cab at the opposite end of the train ...
    11: ...en safer to locate the train's power systems away from passengers. This was particularly the case for ...
    14: ...solescence cycles'' - separating the motive power from the payload-hauling cars means that either can ...
    17: ... fuel, or they may take [[Power (physics)|power]] from an outside source. It is common to classify loc...
  2. Earth (30908 bytes)
    7: ...th''' or '''Terra''', is the third planet outward from the [[Sun]]. It is the largest of the [[solar s...
    14: ...f approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth (the summit...
    55: ... is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun.
    74: ...utaway-english.png|thumb|350px|left|Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Partially to scale.]]
    86: ...Peridotite|harzburgite]]s which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been ...
  3. Windmill (7108 bytes)
    8: ... were developed from the 12th century, apparently from technology gained by [[crusader]]s who came int...
    12: ...] systems, throughout the world, by pumping water from [[well]]s to supply the needs of the [[steam lo...
    14: ...that they would turn slowly but with considerable torque in low winds and be self regulating in high winds...
    16: ...o freezing weather, a pump jack (or standard) was frequently mounted at the top of the well in the cen...
    42: .../index_en.php Mill database with over 15000 mills from all over Europe]
  4. Helicopter (20080 bytes)
    1: ...wing aircraft</b>. The word helicopter is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ''helix'' (s...
    23: ...tail rotor is sufficient to cancel out the torque fromt the main rotor, the helicopter will not rotate...
    25: ...[coanda effect]] to produce forces to counter the torque. Notar is an acronym meaning '''no''' '''ta'''il ...
    29: ...s common for the tailfin to counteract the entire torque, thus leaving more power available for forward fl...
    34: ...pter. Yaw controls are usually operated with anti-torque pedals, on the floor in the same place as a fixed...
  5. Hybrid vehicle (47544 bytes)
    12: ...cused [[FreedomCAR]] initiative{{cite web | title=FreedomCAR: Getting New Technology into the Marketpl...
    16: ...irst production model of this design, released in France in [[2003]]. However, the environmental benef...
    20: ...ent in March 2004 allowing Ford to use 20 patents from Toyota related to hybrid technology, although F...
    24: ...d States]] rose to 43,435 cars, a 25.8 % increase from 2002 numbers. [[California]], the nation's most...
    69: ...rtup that the majority of engine wear occurs, the frequent starting and stopping such systems cause ma...
  6. Early history of Ireland (30651 bytes)
    5: ...e is known of pre-[[Christian]] [[Ireland]] comes from a few references in Roman writings, [[Irish poe...
    7: ...centuries were to pass before the treeless [[permafrost]] was transformed into a densely forested fert...
    9: ...eir food, and they are known to have built canoes from dug-out tree trunks.
    14: ... revolution was a long and slow process resulting from trade and overseas contacts with agricultural c...
    16: ...ket of peat. Consisting of small fields separated from one another by dry-stone walls, the C驤e Field...
  7. Moon (37975 bytes)
    6: ...ll.jpg|250px|none|The Moon as seen by an observer from Earth]]
    7: <small><font color="white">The Moon as seen from Earth</font></small>
    190: ...', the terms ''selene/seleno'' and ''cynthion'' (from the [[Lunar deity|Lunar deities]] [[Selene]] an...
    192: The average distance from the Moon to the Earth is 384,403 [[kilometre]]s...
    194: ...o 11]]. The first men sent ''to'' the Moon were [[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]] and [[Wi...
  8. Flagellum (8951 bytes)
    8: ...ok" which allows the helix to point directly away from the cell. A shaft runs between the hook and the...
    12: ... thought that bacterial flagella may have evolved from such pores.
    30: ...ly powered by [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]. The torque-generating motor that powers rotation of the arch...
    40: ...cilium]] or undulipodium, is completely different from the prokaryote flagella in structure and in evo...
  9. Leonhard Euler (10366 bytes)
    3: ...ction (mathematics)|function]]" (defined by [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] - [[1694]]) to describe an [...
    27: ...aniel Bernoulli]], established the law that the [[torque]] on a thin elastic beam is [[proportional]] to a...
    29: ...f laws of motion in [[fluid dynamics]], directly from [[Newton's laws of motion]]. These equations ...
    37: ...ical analysis, it was Euler who synthesised [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]'s differential [[calculus]] ...
    41: ...{2^2} + \frac{1}{3^2} + \frac{1}{4^2} + \cdots = \frac{\pi^2}{6}</math>,
  10. Screw (22059 bytes)
    4: [[Image:screws.jpg|frame|Screws come in a variety of shapes and sizes f...
    6: ...ther, and as a simple machine used to translate [[torque]] into linear force.
    17: ...screw when driving it in. It also stops the screw from passing right through the material being fasten...
    49: [[Image:Screw and trough.gif|frame|right|Rotating screw and fixed trough]]
    50: ...ch, thread shape or cross section, coefficient of friction (static and dynamic), and holding power of ...
  11. Energy (16265 bytes)
    5: Energy can be readily transformed from one form into another; for instance, using a ba...
    15: ...dimension and this is not a simple coincidence: a torque of 1 newton-metre applied on 1 radian requires ex...
    47: ...nge of the internal energy is the heat that flows from the surroundings into the system plus the work ...
    51: ... This law is used in all branches of physics, but frequently violated by quantum mechanics (see [[off ...
    65: :<math>E_k = \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix} mv^2</math>
  12. Wind power (27669 bytes)
    9: ... Eventually, the wind energy is converted through friction into diffuse heat all through the earth's s...
    11: ...nvection|atmospheric convection]] system reaching from the earth's surface to the [[stratosphere]] whi...
    13: ...eflectivity) of land and water, humidity, and the friction of wind over different terrain are some of ...
    17: ...'rotor''', which converts some of that power into torque on the rotor. The amount of power transferred de...
    24: ...ropeller-type turbines. Actual efficiencies range from 10% to 20% for propeller-type turbines, and are...
  13. Physics (25628 bytes)
    2: ... contexts, ranging from the sub-nuclear particles from which all ordinary matter is made ([[particle p...
    12: The culture of physics research differs from the other sciences in the separation of [[theor...
    15: ...mulation of new theories. Likewise, ideas arising from theory often inspire new experiments. In the ab...
    26: ...ics)|Force]], [[Energy]], [[Angular momentum]], [[Torque]], [[Conservation law]], [[Harmonic oscillator]],...
    34: | [[Boltzmann's constant]], [[Entropy]], [[Free energy]], [[Heat]], [[Partition function (stati...
  14. Fencing (20753 bytes)
    7: ...ased to be an article of everyday dress after the French Revolution, they continued to be used in warf...
    9: ... of fencing from different countries, notably the French and Italian schools. This state of affairs en...
    24: ...l, hence the name. The guard separates the handle from the blade and provides protection for the hand.
    27: [[Image:foilfen.gif|frame|right|A foil fencer. Valid target (the torso)...
    28: The modern [[Foil (sword)|foil]] is descended from the training weapon for the [[small-sword]], th...
  15. Bicycle (44267 bytes)
    3: ...cle]]'' features oversized tires, a sturdy frame, front shock absorbers, and handlebars oriented perpe...
    5: ...[land vehicle]] with two [[wheel]]s attached to a frame, one behind the other. First introduced in [[1...
    13: ...up by [[Louis Baudry de Saunier]], a 19th century French bicycle historian.
    15: ... rode his [[1816]] machine while collecting taxes from his tenants. He patented his ''draisine'', a nu...
    17: ... could push more firmly, and further enlarged the front wheel to increase the potential for speed. Sho...
  16. Motorcycle (40437 bytes)
    7: ... of "footpegs" or "pegs" which stick out from the frame.
    23: The chassis of a motorcycle is typically made from welded [[aluminium]] or [[steel]] struts, with ...
    27: ...some British motorcycles designs used part of the frame as an oil reservoir. The wheel rims are usuall...
    29: ...becomes a major source of drag and is pushed back from the handlebars, tiring the rider.
    31: ...0pix.jpg|thumb|200px|A British'' ''motorcycle'' ''from 1966, the 250 cc Ariel Leader]]
  17. Truck (8353 bytes)
    1: ...ame called a [[chassis]]. They come in all sizes, from the automobile-sized [[pickup truck]] to toweri...
    2: ...aveling-over-sand-dunes-animated-clipart-crca.gif|frame|left|Wheels on monster truck gears in motion. ...
    8: ... was kept. Vehicles transporting furniture to and from the building, known as ''pantechnicon vans'', s...
    9: ...ade of (or converted to) hard panels (ie. chilled freight, removal vans etc).
    14: ... steam tractor. Steam-powered trucks were sold in France and the United States until the eve of World ...
  18. Propeller (12179 bytes)
    1: ...force produced is from the difference in pressure from the forward and rear surfaces of the blades.
    6: ...''thrust'' &times; ''axial speed'')/(''resistance torque'' &times; ''rotational speed''). Changes to a pro...
    7: torque that would otherwise be created.
    13: ... adjust the blade pitch angle to alter resistance torque in response to sensed changes in RPM. Initially i...
    17: ... propeller diameter and provides a counter to the torque of high-power piston engines and the [[gyroscope|...
  19. Steam engine (17867 bytes)
    9: ... of a steam engine after observing steam escaping from his [[pressure cooking|pressure cooker]] in abo...
    15: ...f the vacuum engines were in the pumping of water from deep mineshafts. The Newcomen engine operated b...
    19: ...sed a far greater pressure, but more importantly (from a [[thermodynamics|thermodynamic]] standpoint) ...
    26: ... the small [[riverboat]] used in the movie [[The African Queen]]. This type is also used in some boile...
    30: ...this kind of boiler has the greatest acceleration from a standing start of any marine powerplant.
  20. Gear (5761 bytes)
    2: ...''' is a toothed [[wheel]] designed to transmit [[torque]] to another gear or toothed component. The teeth...
    4: ...]]. There is actually some loss of power due to [[friction]].
    6: ...aveling-over-sand-dunes-animated-clipart-crca.gif|frame|left|Wheels on monster truck gears in motion. ...
    8: ...s. ''Beveled gears'' have angled teeth, allowing torque to be transmitted between non-parallel but inters...
    15: Torque can be converted to linear force by a ''[[rack an...

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