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- Joan of Arc (27453 bytes)
2: ...[16th century]], embraced as a cultural symbol in French patriotic circles since the [[19th century]],...
4: ...ponsible for a revitalization of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]]'s faction during the [[Hundred ...
7: ...[[Duke of Orl顮s]] and later of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]]). The groups were involved in a...
11: ...876]]) depicts Joan's awe upon receiving a vision from the [[archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael...
16: ...May 7]], the remaining English forces were pulled from their [[siege]] lines on [[May 8]]. The lifting... - Aristotle (37648 bytes)
1: [[Image:aristotle.jpg|right|framed|Aristotle (sculpture)]]
10: ...alogue itself which guides the interlocutors away from the paths to truth. The soul alone can have kno...
12: ...wrote dialogues early in his career, no more than fragments of these have survived. The works of Arist...
17: ...ing his ''Ethics'': detail from the [[Vatican]] [[fresco]] ''[[Raphael Rooms|The School of Athens]]'',...
19: The history of Aristotle's works from the time of his death until the [[1st century B... - Pope Stephen I (1670 bytes)
3: ...urther controversy over whether to accept baptism from splinter groups as legitimate sacrament. In th...
5: ...hat converts from splinter churches that might be heretical did not need rebaptism, while [[Cyprian]] and c... - Pope Miltiades (1686 bytes)
2: ...y 11|11]], [[314]]. He appears to have been an [[African]] by birth, but of his personal history nothi...
4: ... against him, and Donatus condemned as a [[heresy|heretic]]. See [[Donatism]]. - Pope Zosimus (7180 bytes)
2: ... controversies in which he took part, in Gaul, [[Africa]] and [[Italy]], including [[Rome]], where at ...
4: ...his father's name was Abram. Some scholars deduce from this that the family was of Jewish origin, but ...
6: ...thout bringing with him a certificate of identity from Patroclus.
8: ...aised objections which occasioned several letters from Zosimus. The dispute, however, was not settled ...
10: ...ans, Zosimus recognized the true character of the heretics. He now issued his ''Tractoria'', in which Pelag... - Pope Leo I (11553 bytes)
1: ...eo the Great''', a Roman aristocrat, was [[Pope]] from [[440]] to [[461]]. He is the first great Pope ...
19: The fact that the African province of [[Mauretania Caesariensis]] had b...
21: ...shops of [[Sicily]] ([[447]]) for their deviation from the Roman custom as to the time of [[baptism]],...
27: ...his successor [[Pope Hilarius|Hilary]]. An appeal from [[Celidonius of Besan篮]] gave Leo occasion to...
29: ...aled to the civil power for support, and obtained from [[Valentinian III]] the famous decree of [[June... - Pope Silverius (2289 bytes)
5: ...d purchased his elevation to the see of St. Peter from King [[Theodahad]]. - Pope Adrian II (1929 bytes)
1: ...Hadrian II'''), ([[792]]–[[872]]), [[pope]] from [[867]] to [[872]], was a member of a noble Rom...
3: ...], leaving Adrian to mediate between the [[Franks|Frankish]] kings with a view to assuring to the empe...
5: ... presided at the condemnation of [[Photius]] as a heretic, but did not succeed in coming to an understandin... - Giordano Bruno (15356 bytes)
3: ... popularly regarded as a martyr to the cause of [[freedom of thought]] because his ideas went against ...
7: ...rdano on becoming a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar at the [[Monastery]] of Saint Domenico near [[...
9: ...t [[Egypt]]. They are now believed to date mostly from about [[300]] A.D. and to be associated with [[...
13: ...ernicus|Copernicanism]] and forced to leave for [[France]].
17: ...powerful French patrons, including [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]. During this period, he published... - Carthage (20744 bytes)
1: [[Image:Carthage_location.png|right|frame|A map of the central [[Mediterranean Sea]], sh...
3: ...ted on the eastern side of [[Lake Tunis]], across from the center of modern [[Tunis]] in [[Tunisia]]. ...
6: ... was founded by [[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] settlers from the city of [[Tyre]], bringing with them the ci...
8: ...the city began a systematic conquest of both the African interior and the coastal lands.
10: ...reading its control along the North African coast from modern [[Morocco]] to the borders of [[Egypt]].... - Medieval Inquisition (8204 bytes)
3: ...lar [[Catharism]] and [[Waldensians]] in southern France and northern Italy.
7: ... Church. However, the Cathars were the first mass heretical organization that posed a serious threat to bot...
11: ...y rested with local officials based on guidelines from the Pope, but there was no central top-down aut...
13: ...rowing [[Cathars|Catharist]] heresy in southern [[France]]. It is called "episcopal" because it was ad...
15: ...ing first-person speech by medieval peasants come from papal inquisition records. - Erasmus (18332 bytes)
6: ...s cared for by his parents till their early death from the [[plague]] in [[1483]], and then given the ...
8: ...in England was fruitful in the making of lifelong friendships with the leaders of English thought in t...
10: ...e Press|Aldus Manutius]] at [[Venice]], but apart from this he had a less active association with Ital...
12: ...]], and to him came the multitude of his admirers from all quarters of Europe.
14: ...ull of contradictions. Erasmus held himself aloof from all entangling obligations; yet he was in a sin... - Thomas Hobbes (26163 bytes)
2: ...Hobbes (portrait).jpg|thumb|Thomas Hobbes: detail from a portrait by John Michael Wright ([[National P...
10: ...t by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate from [[Oxford University]]. Hobbes was a good pupil ...
16: ...ps in Paris, held together by [[Marin Mersenne]]. From [[1637]] he considered himself a philosopher.
20: ...tion was then understood. He then singled out Man from the realm of Nature. Then, in another treatise,...
22: ...country riven with discontent which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. ... - History of Christianity (35391 bytes)
8: ...in the [[first century]] AD. Christianity brought from Judaism its [[scriptures]] (the [[Old Testament...
10: ... on different interpretations of various passages from the Old Testament (or [[Tanakh]]).
26: ...hurch]] is said to extend in an unbroken timeline from this period. This section will examine those f...
45: *[[Justin Martyr]], convert from Greek philosophy
54: ...council]]s. Some groups were rejected as [[heresy|heretics]]. - Quran (41479 bytes)
6: ...umbers, but by an Arabic name derived in some way from the sura. (See [[sura|List of sura names]].) Th...
14: ...1; Arabic. There are few other examples of Arabic from that time. (The ''[[Mu'allaqat]]'', or ''Suspen...
24: ...e, exhortation, and legal prescription. The suras frequently combine all these modes, not always in wa...
46: ...-final consonants. Some suras also include a [[refrain]] repeated every few verses, for instance [[ar...
52: ...ndness. And it is not lawful for you that ye take from women aught of that which ye have given them; e... - Judaism (54799 bytes)
9: [[Image:Menorah7a.png|100px|right|framed|The seven-branched [[Menorah]] is an ancient ...
11: ...s [[monotheism]]. This notion is derived directly from the [[Torah]] (the [[Hebrew Bible]]) where [[Na...
14: ...world. This is the foundation of Judaism. To turn from these beliefs is to deny God and the essence of...
24: ...[[Israelite]]s from slavery. After [[the Exodus]] from Egypt, God led them to [[Mount Sinai]] and gave...
32: ...uild the temple and the throne would never depart from his children. David himself was not allowed to ... - Martin Luther (43050 bytes)
17: ...ght|220px|The "Luther house" where Luther boarded from ages 14 to 17 while attending private school at...
19: ...opper]] mine in nearby [[Mansfeld]]. Having risen from the [[peasantry]], his father was determined to...
28: ...ed the young man needed more work to distract him from excessive [[rumination]]. He ordered the monk t...
31: ...hteousness, by which humans receive righteousness from God through the perfect works, life, death and ...
37: ...t the doctrine in question), thereby freeing them from the pains of purgatory. - Nation state (6102 bytes)
11: ...gese]], a large ethnic minority presence, notably from [[Brazil]] means that it is not a nation-state.
14: ...claimed that [[Algeria]] was a [[departement]] of France. "Police actions" of the United states have b...
21: .... In the 14th and 15th centuries both England and France ran into obstacles in attempting to assimilat...
23: ...g political centralized [[state]]s— largely from the [[Treaty of Westphalia]] (1648). The nation...
29: ...rom organizations like the [[United Nations]] and from the [[corporate]] view of populations as market...
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