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  1. Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
    1: ...y this is used for the production of [[pig iron]] from [[iron ore]].
    9: ...tall [[chimney]]-like [[cauldron]] lined with [[refractory]] brick. Coke, limestone and iron ore are ...
    21: ...in the iron (notably [[silica]]), forming calcium silicate, CaSiO<small><sub>3</sub></small> and floats with...
    23: ...tated and the processed pig iron can be separated from the oxidised impurities. For some time, the pr...
    25: ... heat from the hot carbon dioxide when it escapes from the top of the furnace, further improving effic...
  2. Igneous rock (11419 bytes)
    3: ... (geology)|crust]]. The word "igneous" is derived from the [[Latin]] ''ignis'', meaning "fire".
    8: ...hese are the elements which combine to form the [[silicate minerals]], which account for over ninety percent...
    14: ... information about the composition of the mantle, from where some igneous rocks are extracted, and the...
    15: * their absolute ages can be obtained from various forms of [[radiometric dating]] and thu...
    27: ...to]], the Roman god of the underworld) are formed from magma that cools and hardens within the earth. ...
  3. Earth (30908 bytes)
    7: ...th''' or '''Terra''', is the third planet outward from the [[Sun]]. It is the largest of the [[solar s...
    14: ...f approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth (the summit...
    55: ... is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun.
    74: ...utaway-english.png|thumb|350px|left|Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Partially to scale.]]
    86: ...Peridotite|harzburgite]]s which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been ...
  4. Volcano (27295 bytes)
    4: The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of [[Vulcan (god)|Vulcan]], a god of f...
    18: ...'[[Volcanic cones]]''' or [[cinder cone]]s result from eruptions that throw out mostly small pieces of...
    41: ...tive" volcano. The lifespan of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a ...
    43: ...to note that the span of recorded history differs from region to region; in the [[Mediterranean]], rec...
    47: ...tone as extinct. In fact, because the caldera has frequent earthquakes, a very active geothermal syste...
  5. Asteroid (24334 bytes)
    1: ...is picture of [[433 Eros]] shows the view looking from one end of the asteroid across the gouge on its...
    4: The term "asteroid", meaning ''star-like'' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''asteroeides'', '...
    8: ...larger than 50 m in diameter, distinguishing them from [[meteoroid]]s, which are typically [[boulder]]...
    14: ...Earth's solar system. As of [[May 23]], [[2005]], from a total of 277,090 minor planets with calculate...
    24: ...s, whereas families are much "tighter" and result from the catastrophic break-up of a large parent ast...
  6. Mercury (planet) (22924 bytes)
    1: ...st planet in the [[Solar System]]. Mercury ranges from &minus;0.4 to 5.5 in [[apparent magnitude]]; Me...
    8: (This Data comes from [http://www.answers.com/topic/mercury-in-roman-...
    10: ...[temperature]] of Mercury is 452 K, but it ranges from 90&ndash;700 K; by comparison, the temperature ...
    12: ...posited by [[comet]] impacts and/or gases arising from the planetary interior.
    28: ...ition is approximately 70% [[metal]]lic and 30% [[silicate]]. The average density is 5430 kg/m&sup3;; which ...
  7. Kiln (1778 bytes)
    4: ... Clays contain [[aluminium]] and [[magnesium]] [[silicate]]s which will degrade under high temperatures lea...
    8: ...hnology is very old. The development of the kiln from a simple earthen trench filled with pots and fu...
  8. Sodalite (4894 bytes)
    11: |[[Chemical formula]]||[[Sodium]] [[aluminium]] [[silicate]] with [[chlorine]] (Na<sub>4</sub>Al<sub>3</sub>...
    23: | [[Fracture]]|| Conchoidal to uneven - brittle
    29: | [[Refractive index]]|| 1.48 - isotropic (sodium light)
    52: A light, relatively hard yet fragile mineral, sodalite is named after its [[sodiu...
    54: ...n inclusion in lapis. It is further distinguished from similar minerals by its white (rather than blue...
  9. List of minerals (11610 bytes)
    88: #[[Burmite]] (amber from Burma)
    188: #[[Franckeite]]
    189: #[[Franklinite]] (spinel group)
    297: #[[Mica]] (a group of silicate minerals)
    328: #[[Olivine]] (a group of silicate minerals)
  10. Magma (871 bytes)
    1: ... [[Earth]]. Magma is a complex high-temperature [[silicate]] [[solution]] that is ancestral to all [[igneous...
    2: Igneous rocks are derived from magma through solidification and related proces...
  11. Caesium (11026 bytes)
    6: ...nter" | [[Rubidium|Rb]]<br>'''Cs'''<br>[[Francium|Fr]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;
    149: ...e non-radioactive alkali metals. (Technically, [[francium]] is the least common alkali metal, but sin...
    167: ...stav Kirchhoff]] in [[1860]] in [[mineral water]] from D?m, Germany. Its identification was based upon...
    172: ... in [[lepidolite]], [[pollucite]] ([[hydrate]]d [[silicate]] of [[aluminium]] and caesium) and within other ...
    175: Exceptionally pure and gas-free caesium can be made by the thermal decompositio...
  12. Iron (23778 bytes)
    135: ...of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer...
    137: ...ed from iron ore, and is hardly ever found in the free (elemental) state. In order to obtain elementa...
    146: ...icance is that of an intermediate step on the way from [[iron ore]] to [[cast iron]] and [[steel]].
    154: ... northern and western European languages, derives from the [[Etruscan]] ''aisar'' which means "the god...
    156: ... numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the prod...
  13. Nickel (13955 bytes)
    171: ...ys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by [[cobalt]], both being fou...
    194: ...and can be traced back as far as 3500 BC. Bronzes from what is now Syria had a nickel content of up to...
    196: ...ederik Cronstedt was attempting to extract copper from kupfernickel (now called niccolite), and obtain...
    210: ...(Fe,Ni)O(OH) and [[garnierite]] (a hydrous nickel silicate): (Ni,Mg)<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(...
    212: ...ndary concentration of nickel bearing oxide and [[silicate minerals]].
  14. Niobium (10560 bytes)
    179: ...d combustion equipment. For example, advanced air frame systems such as those used in the [[Gemini pro...
    187: ...ts; the IUPAC accepted [[tungsten]] instead of wolfram, in deference to North American usage; and niob...
    190: ...nd associated with [[carbonatite]]s ([[carbon]]-[[silicate]] [[igneous rocks]]) and as a constituent of pyro...
  15. Silicon (13233 bytes)
    44: ... [[silicon dioxide]] (also known as silica) and [[silicate]]s (compounds containing silicon, oxygen and meta...
    47: ...-efficient of [[resistance]], since the number of free charge carriers increases with temperature.
    50: ...] and [[animal]] life. [[Diatom]]s extract silica from water to build their protective cell walls. Oth...
    51: ...d in high-temperature material production and its silicates are used in making enamels and pottery.
    54: *[[Glass]] - Silica from sand is a principal component of glass. Glass c...
  16. Zirconium (9876 bytes)
    159: ...mbles [[titanium]], zirconium is obtained chiefly from [[zircon]] and is very corrosion resistant. Zir...
    165: ... (Zr[[silicon|Si]][[oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) are refractories, foundry sands (including [[Casting#Inves...
    170: ...nd by the ceramic and [[glass]] industries as a refractory material.
    177: Zirconium ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''zark?from [[Persian language|Persian]] ''zarg?meaning "go...
    179: ...in a new element until Klaproth analyzed a jargon from [[Ceylon]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]. He named t...
  17. Inorganic chemistry (2930 bytes)
    8: ...als]], such as [[salt]], [[asbestos]], [[silicate|silicates]], ...
  18. Mineral (10947 bytes)
    1: ...element]]s and simple [[salt]]s to very complex [[silicate]]s with thousands of known forms (organic compoun...
    3: [[Image:minerals.jpg|right|frame|Photo from [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/m...
    7: ...lase]] [[feldspar]]s comprise a continuous series from [[sodium]]-rich [[albite]] (NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O...
    11: ... [[lead]] and [[sulfur]]) and [[periclase]] (made from [[magnesium]] and [[oxygen]]) all share the sam...
    20: ...found in a handful of samples, and many are known from only one or two small grains.

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