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- Lung cancer (15648 bytes)
21: ...of the cancer may be fragile, leading to bleeding from the cancer into the airway. This blood may subs...
30: ...e confirmed lung cancer, scan results and often [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) are used to determine...
60: ... prevent. An estimated 80% of lung cancers result from smoking due to the hundreds of known carcinogen...
62: ...g|Passive smoking]]—the inhalation of smoke from another's smoking—has recently been ident...
91: ...A radiation dose of 40 [[Gray (unit)|Gy]] in many fractions is commonly used with curative intent, and... - Argon (6952 bytes)
63: This gas is isolated through liquid air fractionation since the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosph...
66: ... of Helsinki]]. By shining ultraviolet light onto frozen argon containing a small amount of hydrogen f...
69: ...le Ar-40 (11.2%) by [[electron capture]] and by [[positron emission]], and also transforms to stable Ca-40 (...
71: ...ha emission]] by [[calcium]]. Argon-37 is created from the decay of calcium-40 as a result of subsurfa... - Arsenic (12497 bytes)
122: [[Positron emission|β<sup>+</sup>]]<br />
146: ...nto the [[20th century]], as a [[pesticide]] on [[fruit tree]]s (resulting in neurological damage to t...
148: ... ingestion - directly or indirectly - of wood ash from CCA timber (the lethal human dose is approximat...
161: ...nic poisoning]] were somewhat ill-defined, it was frequently used for [[murder]] until the advent of t...
172: ...groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater due to the an... - Fluorine (8588 bytes)
34: '''Fluorine''' (from L. ''fluere'', meaning "to flow"), is the [[che...
45: ... such as [[Teflon]], and in [[halon]]s such as [[Freon]]. Other uses:
49: ...luorine is used in the production of [[uranium]] (from the hexafluoride) and in more than 100 differen...
50: ...ed extensively in [[air conditioning]] and in [[refrigeration]]. [[Chlorofluorocarbon]]s have been ban...
55: ... emits [[positron|positrons]], is often used in [[positron emission tomography]] because of its half-life of... - Lutetium (10459 bytes)
159: ...the chemical elements|discovered]] in [[1907]] by French scientist [[Georges Urbain]] and Austrian min...
161: The separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urb...
166: ...by itself, lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements and is the least abundant of all...
168: ...ensive of the rare earth metals). It is separated from other rare earth elements by [[ion exchange]] (...
173: ...pture]] (with some [[alpha emission|alpha]] and [[positron emission]]), and the primary mode after is [[beta... - Aluminium (26079 bytes)
41: ...12 s|7.17×10<sup>5</sup>]][[year|y]] | dm=[[Positron emission|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=1.17 | pn=26 |...
48: ...the [[world economy]]. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the [[aerospace]] indust...
58: ...so coated with a thin layer of aluminium, but are front coated to avoid internal reflections even thou...
82: ...lue if people started producing this bright metal from clay. Therefore, instead of giving the goldsmit...
86: ...in bauxite ore and successfully extracted it. The Frenchman [[Henri Saint-Claire Deville]] improved W?... - Potassium (12496 bytes)
109: ... from [[potash]] the source it was first isolated from. This is a soft, silvery-white metallic [[alkal...
112: ...ly be cut with a knife and is silvery in color on fresh surfaces. It [[oxidation|oxidizes]] in [[air]]...
129: ... [[1807]] by Sir [[Humphry Davy]], who derived it from [[caustic potash]] (K[[hydroxide|OH]]). This al...
132: ...ility]], it is very difficult to obtain potassium from its [[mineral]]s.
142: ...|Ar-40]] (11.2%) by [[electron capture]] and by [[positron emission]], and decays to stable [[Calcium|Ca-40]... - Rubidium (10211 bytes)
153: [[Positron emission|β<sup>+</sup>]]<br />
216: ...mission of a negative [[beta particle]]. During [[fractional crystallization]], Sr tends to become con... - Sodium (8714 bytes)
40: ...ope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|2.602]] [[year|y]] | dm=[[Positron emission|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=0.546 | pn=22 ...
53: Under extreme pressure, sodium departs from standard rules for changing to a liquid state. ...
57: ...t behavior of sodium is that this element has one free [[electron]] that is pushed closer to the other...
65: ...or lamp]]s, an efficient means of producing light from electricity.
71: ...on sodium compound named ''natrium'', which comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''n�on'', a kind... - Technetium (32113 bytes)
182: ...iagnostic tests. Tc-99 is used as a [[gamma ray]]-free source of [[Beta particle|beta ray]]s, and its ...
184: ...um-235]] in [[nuclear reactor]]s and is extracted from [[nuclear fuel rod]]s. No isotope of technetium...
191: ...ion depth]], the largest among the elements apart from [[niobium]].{{inote|''Technetium as a Material ...
201: ...rtechnetate) both isotopes are quickly eliminated from the body (generally within a few days {{inote|T...
205: ... extracted to a high chemical and isotopic purity from radioactive waste. For these reasons, it is a ... - Titanium (20884 bytes)
118: ... point]] of this element makes it useful as a [[refractory metal]]. Titanium is as strong as steel, bu...
122: ...s bombarded with [[deuteron]]s, emitting mainly [[positron]]s and hard [[gamma ray]]s. The metal is a dimorp...
125: ... titanium dioxide are excellent reflectors of [[infrared radiation]] and are therefore used extensivel...
143: ...amed it ''menachite''. At around the same time, [[Franz Joseph Muller]] also produced a similar substa...
145: The metal has always been difficult to extract from its various ores. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%... - Electron (10516 bytes)
39: ...18(44) [[MeV]]{{inote|http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectronMass.html}}
54: ...rd ''electron'' was coined in 1894 and is derived from the term ''electric'', whose ultimate origin is...
66: ... refer to both negatrons and '''[[positron]]s'''. Positrons have the same mass and an electric charge of the...
70: ...e vibrations called phonons. When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a net flow...
72: ... photon can be transformed into an electron and a positron by a process called [[pair production]]. - Star (12279 bytes)
3: ...the [[Earth]]'s [[atmosphere]] and their distance from us. The Sun is also a star, but it is close en...
5: ...on kilometres, or 4.2 [[light year]]s away (light from Proxima Centauri takes 4.2 years to reach Earth...
9: ...]] and [[stellar evolution]].) They range in size from the tiny [[neutron star]]s (which are actually ...
17: ...aviolet and infrared components are typically far from negligible. The apparent [[brightness]] of a st...
25: ... High mass stars powerfully illuminate the clouds from which they formed. One example of such a [[nebu...
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