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  1. Lung cancer (15648 bytes)
    21: ...of the cancer may be fragile, leading to bleeding from the cancer into the airway. This blood may subs...
    30: ...e confirmed lung cancer, scan results and often [[positron emission tomography]] (PET) are used to determine...
    60: ... prevent. An estimated 80% of lung cancers result from smoking due to the hundreds of known carcinogen...
    62: ...g|Passive smoking]]—the inhalation of smoke from another's smoking—has recently been ident...
    91: ...A radiation dose of 40 [[Gray (unit)|Gy]] in many fractions is commonly used with curative intent, and...
  2. Argon (6952 bytes)
    63: This gas is isolated through liquid air fractionation since the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosph...
    66: ... of Helsinki]]. By shining ultraviolet light onto frozen argon containing a small amount of hydrogen f...
    69: ...le Ar-40 (11.2%) by [[electron capture]] and by [[positron emission]], and also transforms to stable Ca-40 (...
    71: ...ha emission]] by [[calcium]]. Argon-37 is created from the decay of calcium-40 as a result of subsurfa...
  3. Arsenic (12497 bytes)
    122: [[Positron emission|&beta;<sup>+</sup>]]<br />
    146: ...nto the [[20th century]], as a [[pesticide]] on [[fruit tree]]s (resulting in neurological damage to t...
    148: ... ingestion - directly or indirectly - of wood ash from CCA timber (the lethal human dose is approximat...
    161: ...nic poisoning]] were somewhat ill-defined, it was frequently used for [[murder]] until the advent of t...
    172: ...groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater due to the an...
  4. Fluorine (8588 bytes)
    34: '''Fluorine''' (from L. ''fluere'', meaning "to flow"), is the [[che...
    45: ... such as [[Teflon]], and in [[halon]]s such as [[Freon]]. Other uses:
    49: ...luorine is used in the production of [[uranium]] (from the hexafluoride) and in more than 100 differen...
    50: ...ed extensively in [[air conditioning]] and in [[refrigeration]]. [[Chlorofluorocarbon]]s have been ban...
    55: ... emits [[positron|positrons]], is often used in [[positron emission tomography]] because of its half-life of...
  5. Lutetium (10459 bytes)
    159: ...the chemical elements|discovered]] in [[1907]] by French scientist [[Georges Urbain]] and Austrian min...
    161: The separation of lutetium from Marignac's ytterbium was first described by Urb...
    166: ...by itself, lutetium is very difficult to separate from other elements and is the least abundant of all...
    168: ...ensive of the rare earth metals). It is separated from other rare earth elements by [[ion exchange]] (...
    173: ...pture]] (with some [[alpha emission|alpha]] and [[positron emission]]), and the primary mode after is [[beta...
  6. Aluminium (26079 bytes)
    41: ...12 s|7.17&times;10<sup>5</sup>]][[year|y]] | dm=[[Positron emission|&beta;<sup>+</sup>]] | de=1.17 | pn=26 |...
    48: ...the [[world economy]]. Structural components made from aluminium are vital to the [[aerospace]] indust...
    58: ...so coated with a thin layer of aluminium, but are front coated to avoid internal reflections even thou...
    82: ...lue if people started producing this bright metal from clay. Therefore, instead of giving the goldsmit...
    86: ...in bauxite ore and successfully extracted it. The Frenchman [[Henri Saint-Claire Deville]] improved W?...
  7. Potassium (12496 bytes)
    109: ... from [[potash]] the source it was first isolated from. This is a soft, silvery-white metallic [[alkal...
    112: ...ly be cut with a knife and is silvery in color on fresh surfaces. It [[oxidation|oxidizes]] in [[air]]...
    129: ... [[1807]] by Sir [[Humphry Davy]], who derived it from [[caustic potash]] (K[[hydroxide|OH]]). This al...
    132: ...ility]], it is very difficult to obtain potassium from its [[mineral]]s.
    142: ...|Ar-40]] (11.2%) by [[electron capture]] and by [[positron emission]], and decays to stable [[Calcium|Ca-40]...
  8. Rubidium (10211 bytes)
    153: [[Positron emission|&beta;<sup>+</sup>]]<br />
    216: ...mission of a negative [[beta particle]]. During [[fractional crystallization]], Sr tends to become con...
  9. Sodium (8714 bytes)
    40: ...ope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|2.602]] [[year|y]] | dm=[[Positron emission|&beta;<sup>+</sup>]] | de=0.546 | pn=22 ...
    53: Under extreme pressure, sodium departs from standard rules for changing to a liquid state. ...
    57: ...t behavior of sodium is that this element has one free [[electron]] that is pushed closer to the other...
    65: ...or lamp]]s, an efficient means of producing light from electricity.
    71: ...on sodium compound named ''natrium'', which comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''n�on'', a kind...
  10. Technetium (32113 bytes)
    182: ...iagnostic tests. Tc-99 is used as a [[gamma ray]]-free source of [[Beta particle|beta ray]]s, and its ...
    184: ...um-235]] in [[nuclear reactor]]s and is extracted from [[nuclear fuel rod]]s. No isotope of technetium...
    191: ...ion depth]], the largest among the elements apart from [[niobium]].{{inote|''Technetium as a Material ...
    201: ...rtechnetate) both isotopes are quickly eliminated from the body (generally within a few days {{inote|T...
    205: ... extracted to a high chemical and isotopic purity from radioactive waste. For these reasons, it is a ...
  11. Titanium (20884 bytes)
    118: ... point]] of this element makes it useful as a [[refractory metal]]. Titanium is as strong as steel, bu...
    122: ...s bombarded with [[deuteron]]s, emitting mainly [[positron]]s and hard [[gamma ray]]s. The metal is a dimorp...
    125: ... titanium dioxide are excellent reflectors of [[infrared radiation]] and are therefore used extensivel...
    143: ...amed it ''menachite''. At around the same time, [[Franz Joseph Muller]] also produced a similar substa...
    145: The metal has always been difficult to extract from its various ores. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%...
  12. Electron (10516 bytes)
    39: ...18(44)&nbsp;[[MeV]]{{inote|http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectronMass.html}}
    54: ...rd ''electron'' was coined in 1894 and is derived from the term ''electric'', whose ultimate origin is...
    66: ... refer to both negatrons and '''[[positron]]s'''. Positrons have the same mass and an electric charge of the...
    70: ...e vibrations called phonons. When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a net flow...
    72: ... photon can be transformed into an electron and a positron by a process called [[pair production]].
  13. Star (12279 bytes)
    3: ...the [[Earth]]'s [[atmosphere]] and their distance from us. The Sun is also a star, but it is close en...
    5: ...on kilometres, or 4.2 [[light year]]s away (light from Proxima Centauri takes 4.2 years to reach Earth...
    9: ...]] and [[stellar evolution]].) They range in size from the tiny [[neutron star]]s (which are actually ...
    17: ...aviolet and infrared components are typically far from negligible. The apparent [[brightness]] of a st...
    25: ... High mass stars powerfully illuminate the clouds from which they formed. One example of such a [[nebu...

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