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- Immune system (14564 bytes)
1: ...he [[organ system]] that protects an [[organism]] from outside biological influences. In the broad sen...
6: ...sequences, and enzymes that protect their own DNA from this enzyme by [[methylation|methylating]] the ...
11: ...] and [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmunity]]) arise from failures of discriminatory systems.
13: ...izes [[mannose]] sugars that appear only in the [[polysaccharide]] coats of various species of bacteria.
23: ...owever, most organisms are under constant assault from pathogens, which must be kept in check by the f... - Arthropod (9248 bytes)
37: ...symbiotic and parasitic forms. They range in size from microscopic plankton (~0.25 [[millimetre|mm]]) ...
41: ...pod from drying out, but also prevents arthropods from growing too big. The arthropod group identifie...
50: ... tracheal systems: air sacs leading into the body from [[pore]]s, called [[spiracles]], in the [[cutic...
54: ...ir name—joint feet—and separates them from their very close relatives, the [[Onychophora]]...
58: ...erent subphyla of arthropods had separate origins from segmented worms, and in particular that the [[U... - Sequencing (2283 bytes)
6: ...ng the [[chain termination method]], created by [[Frederick Sanger]]. This technique can only be used ...
21: ==Polysaccharide Sequencing==
23: Though [[polysaccharide]]s are also biopolymers, it is not so common to t...
24: 'sequencing' a polysaccharide, because a symbolic linear depiction cannot - Protein (17280 bytes)
5: ...he classes of bio-[[macromolecules]], alongside [[polysaccharide]]s, [[lipid]]s, and [[nucleic acid]]s, that make ...
16: ...tructure]]'': the shape or structure that results from the union of more than one protein molecule, us...
24: ...erminus]] (N-terminus) based on the nature of the free group on each extremity.
41: ...ove their [[substrate_(biochemistry)|substrates]] from place to place but do not change them; [[recept...
43: ...several proteins showing their comparative sizes. From left to right are: Immunoglobulin (IgG), Hemogl... - Cell wall (6206 bytes)
15: ...o or more different domains, each with a sequence from a different class of glycoprotein. Most cell wa...
22: ...riety of glycoproteins. The inclusion of addition polysaccharides in algal cells walls is used as a feature for al...
24: ... number of marine [[green algae]] including those from the genera, ''Codium'', ''Dasycladus'', and ''A...
26: *[[Alginic acid]] is a common polysaccharide in the cell walls of [[brown algae]]
27: *Sulfonated polysaccharides occur in the cell walls of most algae, those com... - Chitin (1079 bytes)
1: ...rthropod]]s, and in some other animals. It is a [[polysaccharide]], made out of units of acetylglucosamine (more c...
3: ...iton#Name|chiton]]" (a marine animal) both derive from the same [[Greek language|Greek]] word meaning ...
7: From chitin [[chitosan]] can be produced. - Cellulose (2147 bytes)
3: is a long-chain [[polymer]] [[polysaccharide]] [[carbohydrate]], of [[glucose|beta-glucose]]. ...
10: ...], and more recently [[Modal]], a textile derived from beechwood cellulose. - Pectin (1792 bytes)
1: '''Pectin''' is a [[heterosaccharide]] derived from the [[cell wall]] of [[plant]]s. Pectins are va...
4: ...id]]. During this chemical breakdown process, the fruit gets softer as the cell walls degenerate. Pect...
7: Pectin is composed of three main [[polysaccharide]] types:
10: ...cturonan II which is a a complex, highly branched polysaccharide
13: ...al utilisation, pectin is extracted from shredded fruit peel or pulp by adding hot water. The pectin d... - Lichen (7988 bytes)
5: ...ose.jpg|thumb|230 px|right|''Usnea australis'', a fruticose form, growing on a tree branch]]
10: ...drying out and provides it with minerals obtained from the [[substratum]]. If a [[Cyanobacteria|cyanob...
14: ...t (crustose lichens); others adopt shrubby forms (fruticose lichens); and there are gelatinous lichens...
16: ...es, for example crustose lichens sometimes have a polysaccharide layer in the cortex. Although each lichen thallus...
22: ...tion is often blurred. Many lichens break up into fragments when they dry, dispersing themselves to re...
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