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- Astronomy (13970 bytes)
31: ... evolution]]: the study of the evolution of stars from their formation to their end as a stellar remna...
49: In astronomy, [[information]] is mainly received from the detection and analysis of [[electromagnetic...
50: [[photon|photons]], but information is also carried by [[cosmic r...
56: ...to eliminate noise (electromagnetic interference) from the atmosphere.
64: ...ight is heavily absorbed by [[water vapor]], so infrared observatories have to be located in high, dry... - Isaac Newton (23339 bytes)
2: ...n also shares credit with [[Gottfried Leibniz|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] for the development of diffe...
25: ...later life, to illustrate how he drew inspiration from everyday events.
31: ...ience). Newton argued that this should exempt him from the normal ordination requirement, and [[Charle...
36: ...'s ideas, Newton was so offended that he withdrew from public debate. The two men remained enemies un...
38: ...hristianson is not clear on what Newton concluded from this--> - Albert Einstein (43065 bytes)
12: ...b|200px|Young Einstein before the Einsteins moved from Germany to Italy.]]
20: ...e school to let him go with a medical note from a friendly doctor, but this meant he had no secondary-...
22: ...r Maja was to later marry their son Paul, and his friend [[Michele Besso]] married their other daughte...
26: ...ed his scientific interests with a group of close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had a daugh...
37: ... that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences... - Atom (12300 bytes)
58: ...rbitals just gradually go to zero as the distance from the nucleus increases. For atoms that can form ...
70: ...rgy level which is usually visualized as distance from the nucleus. The electrons in the outermost sh...
72: [[Image:HAtomOrbitals.png|frame|right|The [[electron orbital]] [[wavefunction]...
74: Each shell, numbered from the one closest to the nucleus (lowest in energ...
80: ...uantum number. Electrons fill orbitals and shells from the inside out, beginning with shell one. Whic... - Hubble Space Telescope (50930 bytes)
4: ...text-align:center;" | The Hubble Space Telescope, from the [[Space Shuttle Discovery]] during the seco...
8: ...avelength regime'''||optical, ultraviolet, near-infrared
45: ...h, it was found that the main [[mirror]] suffered from [[spherical aberration]], severely compromising...
54: ...be that a space-based telescope could observe [[infrared]] and [[ultraviolet]] light, which are strong...
58: ...observations of [[star]]s and [[galaxy|galaxies]] from its launch in 1968 until 1972, well beyond its ... - Ionosphere (19365 bytes)
1: ...practical importance because it influences [[high-frequency]] (HF) (3–30[[MHz]]) [[radio propaga...
6: ...d to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted t...
8: ...[[recombination]] begins to take place in which a free electron is "captured" by a positive ion if it ...
10: ...t. The local winter [[hemisphere]] is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radi...
14: ... e profile.gif|right|thumb|350px|Electron density from solar ionization during the day and night durin... - Hydrogen (20221 bytes)
108: '''Hydrogen''' ([[Latin]]: ''hydrogenium'', from [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''hydro'': water, ''g...
135: ...torage and transport issues), from [[bio-fuel]]s, from and into [[natural gas]] and [[diesel]] fuel. A...
138: ... ([[French language|French]] for ''water-maker'', from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''hud?, "water" and ''...
142: ...nvolt|eV]] which is equivilent to an ultra-violet photon of roughly 92 [[metre|nm]].
144: ... is allowed to only be at very specific distances from the proton. Modeling the hydrogen atom in this ... - Electron (10516 bytes)
39: ...18(44) [[MeV]]{{inote|http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectronMass.html}}
54: ...rd ''electron'' was coined in 1894 and is derived from the term ''electric'', whose ultimate origin is...
70: ...e vibrations called phonons. When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a net flow...
72: ...d produce a [[photon]]. Conversely, a high-energy photon can be transformed into an electron and a positro...
74: ...its vicinity, so that the properties one observes from far away are the sum of the bare properties and... - History of chemistry (8174 bytes)
2: ...id to begin with the distinction of [[chemistry]] from [[alchemy]] by [[Robert Boyle]] in his work ''T...
8: ...fore had an organic [[compound]] been synthesized from inorganic material. This opened a new research ...
23: ...the earth, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from [[whaling]] in the previous centuries. Systemat...
29: ...neously with [[Max Planck]]'s early work on the [[photon]] and Einstein's early papers, contributed as muc...
31: ...ple [[amino acid]]s, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a [[simulation]] of primor... - Matter (1902 bytes)
1: ...[fermion]]s. All [[gauge boson]]s (of which the [[photon]] is one), which mediate the [[four fundamental f...
5: ...n exhibit properties which are entirely different from those of the bulk material. - Color (30968 bytes)
4: ...glish]]) is a sensation which (in humans) derives from the ability of the [[cone cell|fine structure]]...
13: <th>frequency interval</th>
58: Color, frequency, and energy of light.<br>
69: <td>Infrared</td>
143: ...ity. The full spectrum of the incoming radiation from an object determines the visual appearance of t... - Solar cell (27643 bytes)
3: ...rically used in situations where electrical power from the [[grid]] is unavailable, such as in remote ...
5: ...ell.png|thumb|250x|right|A '''solar cell''', made from a poly-crystalline silicon wafer]]
10: ...he [[etymology]] of the term "photovoltaic" comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''photos'' meaning...
22: ...ls tend to be expensive, and because they are cut from cylindrical ingots, they cannot completely cov...
23: ...be formed into square shapes that cover a greater fraction of a panel than monocrystalline cells, and ... - Electric field (1958 bytes)
1: ...agnetic field]], by a flow of energy, and by real photons.
7: ...le charge falls off as the square of the distance from that charge.
16: \mathbf{E} = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \int\frac{\rho}{r^2} \mathbf{\hat r}\,d^{3}\mathbf{r}
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