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- Mary II of England (12093 bytes)
8: ...9]] until her death, and as Queen of [[Scotland]] from [[11 April]] 1689 until her death. Mary, a [[Pr...
15: ...ash; he preferred that Mary marry the heir to the French Throne, the [[Louis, the Grand Dauphin|Dauphi...
20: ...o a son—[[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]—in June [[1688]], for the son...
24: ...en. The only precedent for a joint monarchy dated from the sixteenth century: when Queen [[Mary I of E...
26: ...ffered the Crown not to James's eldest son, James Francis Edward (who would have been the heir-apparen... - Joan of Arc (27453 bytes)
2: ...[16th century]], embraced as a cultural symbol in French patriotic circles since the [[19th century]],...
4: ...ponsible for a revitalization of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]]'s faction during the [[Hundred ...
7: ...[[Duke of Orl顮s]] and later of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]]). The groups were involved in a...
11: ...876]]) depicts Joan's awe upon receiving a vision from the [[archangel]] [[Michael (archangel)|Michael...
16: ...May 7]], the remaining English forces were pulled from their [[siege]] lines on [[May 8]]. The lifting... - Crusade (28507 bytes)
2: ...ian Crusade]] against the [[Cathars]] of southern France and the [[Northern Crusades]].
7: ...ght an outlet for their violence. A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor [[Alexius I]] in opposing...
9: ...day Spanish Catholics are allowed to substitute [[Friday abstinence]] with prayer or alms (except duri...
18: ...n and consider how the idea of a holy war emerged from this background.'' — [[Norman F. Cantor]]
21: ... Eastern church, [[Alexius I]] expected some help from a fellow Christian. However, the response was m... - Johann Gutenberg (6119 bytes)
6: ...city of [[Mainz]], as the son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surnam...
14: ...ed. His first efforts enabled him to mass-produce indulgences, printed slips of paper sold by the Catholic Chu...
19: At the 1455 [[Frankfurt Book Fair]], Gutenberg demonstrated the po...
23: ...is doubtful that any copies were ever sold at the Frankfurt Book Fair.
31: ...ntions are sometimes considered the turning point from the [[Middle Ages|Mediaeval Era]] to the [[Earl... - Aztec mythology (10599 bytes)
36: ...yotl]] (also ''Ueuecoyotl'') - a trickster god of indulgence and pranks. A shapeshifter, associated with drums...
80: ...', ''Tlazolteotli'')- the goddess of purification from filth, disease or excess - Martin Luther (43050 bytes)
17: ...ght|220px|The "Luther house" where Luther boarded from ages 14 to 17 while attending private school at...
19: ...opper]] mine in nearby [[Mansfeld]]. Having risen from the [[peasantry]], his father was determined to...
28: ...ed the young man needed more work to distract him from excessive [[rumination]]. He ordered the monk t...
31: ...hteousness, by which humans receive righteousness from God through the perfect works, life, death and ...
36: ==The indulgence controversy== - First Crusade (34670 bytes)
2: ...side of [[Europe]]. Both [[knight]]s and peasants from many different nations of [[western Europe]], w...
5: ...ral, and of the First Crusade in particular, stem from events earlier in the [[Middle Ages]]. The brea...
7: ...Sardinia]], freeing the coasts of Italy and Spain from [[Muslim]] raids.
12: ... were politically and, to some extent, culturally fragmented at the time of the First Crusade, which c...
16: ...rusalem to the Seljuks in 1076, but recaptured it from the Ortoqids in 1098 while the crusaders were o... - Vegetarianism (28920 bytes)
4: ...[lard]], [[tallow]], [[gelatin]], [[cochineal]]), from one's [[diet (nutrition)|diet]]. The most commo...
20: ... [[bean]]s, and is usually spiritually based like Fructarianism (see below).
22: ...t the food. Some spiritual raw-foodists are also Fructarians and some eat only [[organic food]]s (see...
28: ...to avoid [[malnutrition]] with a fructarian diet. Fructarianism is much rarer than vegetarianism or ve...
32: ...oods. These people will eat meat or meat products from animals raised under more humane conditions or ... - Bullfighting (25773 bytes)
10: ...uador]]), in [[California]] and in the south of [[France]]. Especially prominent [[bullring|bullrings]...
17: ...ed in the famous wall-frescos at [[Knossos]]. The frescos offer no hint of struggle or violence, and t...
19: ...can colonies, and also in the [[19th century]] to France, where it developed into a distinctive form i...
21: ...h introduced the practice of fighting on foot, [[Francisco Romero]] generally being regarded as havin...
24: ...ct styles of bullfighting are practiced in Spain, France and Portugal. The "classic" style of bullfigh...
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