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- Testicle (6183 bytes)
3: ...c muscle relaxes and the testicle is lowered away from the warm body and are able to cool. This phenom...
5: ...olutionary development which protects each testis from hitting against the other.
11: * producing male sex [[hormone]]s, of which [[testosterone]] is the best known
13: ... and endocrine, are under control of gonadotropic hormones produced by the anterior [[pituitary]]:
15: * [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH) - Circulatory system (8794 bytes)
10: #Transport of [[hormone]]s.
22: All circulatory systems frequently employ [[countercurrent exchange]] system...
25: ...ll the cells of the flat worm. Oxygen can diffuse from water into the cells of the flatworm. Thus ever...
30: ...eries are [[blood vessel]]s that carry blood away from the heart. Veins are blood vessels that return...
35: ...se of [[carbon dioxide]] and the uptake of oxygen from the air. The now oxygenated blood returns to t... - Endocrine system (3152 bytes)
1: ... glands that secrete chemical messengers called [[hormone]]s that circulate within the body via the bloodst...
5: == Table of endocrine glands and the hormones secreted ==
7: (starting from the head and going downwards)
11: **[[thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] (TRH)
12: **[[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH) - Gastrointestinal tract (16596 bytes)
4: The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. For instance, some animals h...
45: ... of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the [[mouth]] to the [[anus]] (see figure). Ins...
59: ...ese waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ.
67: ...the small intestine and dissolved into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the content...
69: ...own as fiber, and older cells that have been shed from the mucosa. These materials are propelled into ... - Digestion (4206 bytes)
11: ... in the liver; these bile pigments are eliminated from the body with the feces). Most nutrient absorpt...
17: == Digestive hormones ==
19: There are at least four hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system:
21: ...es the [[bile]] secretion in the [[liver]]. This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme.
22: ...he emptying of bile in the [[gall bladder]]. This hormone is secreted in resonse to fat in chyme. - Breast (4630 bytes)
5: ...e]] above to the seventh or eighth ribs below and from the midline to the edge of the [[latissimus dor...
7: ...de [[mammary gland]]s, the axillary tail (tumours frequently occur here), the lobules, [[Cooper's liga...
11: ...ause the development of a woman's breasts. This hormone has been demonstrated to cause the development of...
18: About 75% of [[lymph]] from the breast travels to the ipsilateral (same sid...
24: ...eve that the shape of female breasts evolved as a frontal counterpart to that of the buttocks, the rea... - Kidney (12846 bytes)
3: ..., the kidneys filter wastes (especially [[urea]]) from the [[blood]] and excrete them, along with [[wa...
13: ...idneys_from_behind.jpg|thumb|250px|Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed]]
22: ...corpuscle]]), and a [[renal tubule]] that extends from the renal corpuscle.
26: ...space called "Bowman's space", which is separated from blood in the glomerulus by three layers:
37: ...sule. The segment that drains glomerular filtrate from the Bowman's capsule is the [[proximal convolut... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...e liver often start in ''hepato-'' or ''hepatic'' from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for liver, ''...
7: ...liac trunk]]. The portal vein brings venous blood from the digestive tract, so that the liver can proc...
9: ...to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct (from the gallbladder) joins with the common hepatic ...
14: ...m]], a thin, double-layered membrane that reduces friction against other organs. The peritoneum folds ...
16: The [[falciform ligament]] is visible on the front ([[anterior]] side) of the liver. This divides... - Ovary (3278 bytes)
7: ...ne functioning ovary; [[snake]]s have two, one in front of the other.
9: ...zation]] by [[sperm]]. A fertilized egg resulting from union with a sperm becomes a [[zygote]] and the...
11: [[image:female_anatomy_frontal.png|right|thumb|250px|Internal reproductive ...
13: ...are the most important of these in mammals. These hormones induce and maintain the physical changes of pube...
15: ...gnancy]] will result. If the egg fails to release from the follicle in the ovary an [[ovarian cyst]] m... - Pancreas (4781 bytes)
3: ...tem|endocrine]] - it produces several important [[hormone]]s
26: ... trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinoge...
33: ...rete [[insulin]], [[glucagon]], and several other hormones. The islets contain three different types of ce...
36: ...sh. An example of one such food that can be made from the pancreas of a calf, lamb or pig is [[Sweetb... - Stomach (5970 bytes)
1: ...imary function is not the absorption of nutrients from digested food; this task is usually performed b...
4: [[Image:Stomach_diagram.gif|right|frame|The location of the stomach in the body.]]
8: ...me]]s required for the digestion of [[cellulose]] from [[plant]] matter. The partially digested plant ...
14: [[Image:Stomach2.gif|right|frame|Diagram of the stomach, showing the different ...
16: ...e [[pancreas]], and the [[greater omentum]] hangs from the ''greater curvature''. - Bone (11388 bytes)
23: ...nctions are to make [[osteoid]] and manufacture [[hormone]]s such as [[prostaglandin]] which act on bone it...
27: Osteocytes originate from osteoblasts which have migrated into and become...
29: ...d'' surfaces. Because the osteoclasts are derived from a [[monocyte stem-cell lineage]], they are equi...
40: ... in long bones, such as limbs; the bone is formed from [[cartilage]].
46: ...of calcium and the repair of micro-damaged bones (from everyday stress). Repeated stress results in th... - Thyroid (5421 bytes)
3: ...e system|endocrine]] gland. It is situated on the front side of the neck at the level of C5 and T1 ver...
5: ...rimary function of the thyroid is production of [[hormone]]s:
10: ...se hormones is regulated by [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH), released by the [[pituitary]].
14: ...ction and, to a lesser extent, a reservoir of the hormones themselves. The spaces between the thyroid folli...
20: ...cil can prevent tadpoles from metamorphosing into frogs; conversely, administering thyroxine will trig... - Parathyroid gland (1913 bytes)
3: ...he [[thyroid]] gland, which produce [[parathyroid hormone]]. Most often there are four parathyroid glands b...
9: ...in the parathyroid gland are activated to release hormone into the blood. It then stimulates [[osteoclast]]...
12: Disorders of the parathyroid hormone receptor have been associated with [[Jansen's met...
14: ...an]]s, [[groan]]s, [[Kidney stone|stone]]s, and [[Fracture (bone)|bone]]s." The primary treatment for... - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
5: ... cortex]], both of which receive regulatory input from the [[nervous system]]. As its name suggests, t...
7: ...'' is the body's main source of the catecholamine hormones [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. By contr...
11: ...mpathetic nervous system]], receiving innervation from corresponding [[preganglionic fiber]]s. Moreove...
26: ... by the enzyme CYP11A. Accordingly, production of hormones in all three layers of the adrenal cortex is lim...
43: ...ary gland]] to release ACTH; another hypothalamic hormone, [[arginine vasopressin]] (AVP) augments ACTH sec... - Pituitary gland (3020 bytes)
3: ...hat it is in fact regulated by releasing hormones from the [[hypothalamus]]. It is physically attache...
5: ...ases the hormones [[oxytocin]] and [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH).
7: ...nterior lobe by way of a special capillary system from the hypothalamus, down the median eminence, to ...
9: ...termediate lobe produces [[melanocyte-stimulating hormone]] (MSH), although this function is often (impreci... - Connective tissue (1646 bytes)
7: ...ma]], which transports dissolved [[nutrient]]s, [[hormone]]s, and [[carbon dioxide]] in the form of [[bicar... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
3: ...are to be secreted or "[[exocytosis|exocytosed]]" from the cell (e.g., digestive [[enzyme]]s).
19: ... a space, the cisternal space (or internal lumen) from the [[cytosol]]. This space is acting as a gate...
21: ...bosomes on the surface of the rough ER insert the freshly produced proteins directly into the ER, whic...
32: ...id]]s), [[fatty acid]]s and [[steroid]]s (e.g., [[hormone]]s), and also plays an important role in [[carboh...
44: Only properly folded proteins are transported from the RER to the [[Golgi complex]]. - Eukaryote (9230 bytes)
17: ...r [[three-domain system|domain]]. The name comes from the Greek ''eus'' or true and ''karyon'' or nut...
25: ... membrane-bound organelles are ultimately derived from such vesicles.
27: ...tly, they generally enter vesicles, which bud off from the smooth section. In most eukaryotes, the pr...
29: ...s or capture prey. In multicellular organisms, [[hormone]]s are often produced in vesicles. In higher pla...
33: ...a. They are now generally held to have developed from [[endosymbiosis|endosymbiotic]] prokaryotes, pr... - Shark (14021 bytes)
17: ...dermal denticles covering the [[body]] to protect from [[parasite]]s, and rows of replaceable [[tooth|...
22: ... in that it can swim in both salt water ocean and fresh water rivers (and in [[lake Nicaragua]]). A fe...
24: ...resting shark sinks to the sea bed.<!--unsourced; from editor's memory.-->
31: ...harks in general. The name may have been derived from the [[Maya language|Mayan]] word for shark, ''x...
40: ... below in roughly their evolutionary relationship from more primitive to more modern species:
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