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- Gastrointestinal tract (16596 bytes)
4: The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. For instance, some animals h...
45: ... of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the [[mouth]] to the [[anus]] (see figure). Ins...
59: ...ese waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ.
67: ...the small intestine and dissolved into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the content...
69: ...own as fiber, and older cells that have been shed from the mucosa. These materials are propelled into ... - Kidney (12846 bytes)
3: ..., the kidneys filter wastes (especially [[urea]]) from the [[blood]] and excrete them, along with [[wa...
13: ...idneys_from_behind.jpg|thumb|250px|Kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed]]
22: ...corpuscle]]), and a [[renal tubule]] that extends from the renal corpuscle.
26: ...space called "Bowman's space", which is separated from blood in the glomerulus by three layers:
37: ...sule. The segment that drains glomerular filtrate from the Bowman's capsule is the [[proximal convolut... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...e liver often start in ''hepato-'' or ''hepatic'' from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for liver, ''...
7: ...liac trunk]]. The portal vein brings venous blood from the digestive tract, so that the liver can proc...
9: ...to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct (from the gallbladder) joins with the common hepatic ...
14: ...m]], a thin, double-layered membrane that reduces friction against other organs. The peritoneum folds ...
16: The [[falciform ligament]] is visible on the front ([[anterior]] side) of the liver. This divides... - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
5: ... cortex]], both of which receive regulatory input from the [[nervous system]]. As its name suggests, t...
11: ...mpathetic nervous system]], receiving innervation from corresponding [[preganglionic fiber]]s. Moreove...
26: All the adrenocortical hormones are synthesised from cholesterol. Cholesterol is transported into th...
47: * stimulating the release of [[amino acid]]s from the body
49: ...[gluconeogenesis]], the production of [[glucose]] from newly-released amino acids and [[lipid]]s - Tooth (14790 bytes)
11: ...''mesial'' (toward the midline), ''distal'' (away from the midline), ''occlusal'' (the top surface), '...
42: ...ath the old one, pushing it out of the jaw. Apart from this another 8-12 teeth grow. This set can last...
70: [[Image:Dental x-ray.jpg|right|frame|[[X-ray]]s can reveal if a person has any cavi...
77: ...asons, and because it is thought mercury may seep from fillings into the circulation over time, a cera...
84: ...o increase the flow of saliva. Unsweetened (sugar free) [[chewing gum]] stimulates saliva production, ... - Honey (11666 bytes)
4: ... fluid produced by [[bee]]s and other [[insect]]s from the [[nectar]] of [[flower]]s. "The definition ...
8: ...ure content is too low. Natural, raw honey varies from 14% to 18% moisture content. As long as the moi...
17: *[[Fructose]]: 38%
18: *[[Glucose]]: 31%
29: ...licacy]] for its unique flavour. [[Manuka]] honey from [[New Zealand]] is said by some to have more sp... - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
3: ...are composed of one or more cells; all cells come from preexisting cells; all vital functions of an or...
5: The word ''[[cell]]'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''cella'', a small room. The nam...
15: ...ored in organic molecules. This energy is derived from [[metabolic pathway]]s.
23: ...they live alone or in groups. [[Organism]]s vary from single cells (called '''single-celled''' or '''...
34: ... which envelopes the cell, separates its interior from the surroundings, controls what moves in and o... - Nutrition (42689 bytes)
4: Between the extremes of optimal health and death from [[starvation]] or [[malnutrition]], there is an...
10: ...hough the digestive process helps to release them from the matrix of the foods where they occur. Any u...
16: ...re hormonally and metabolically favourable than infrequent, haphazard food intake.
20: ... Early diets were primarily [[vegetarian]] with infrequent game meats and fish where available.
27: ...ard reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were the... - Photosynthesis (9830 bytes)
3: ...early all living things depend on energy produced from photosynthesis for their nourishment, making it...
6: ...ce, the over-all equation for the production of [[glucose]] is:
8: ... → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (glucose) + 6O<sub>2</sub>
10: ...neral outline, this is the opposite of the above: glucose and other compounds react with oxygen to produce ...
13: ...ant, [[wax]]y [[cuticle]], that protects the leaf from excessive absorption of light and evaporation o... - Leaf (20580 bytes)
2: ...tures of [[fern]]s are correctly referred to as [[frond]]s.
8: ...mendous variety shown in leaf structure (anatomy) from species to species is presented in detail below...
18: ...n leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates.
24: '''[[Trichome]]s''' or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species.
37: ...aves are normally [[green]] in color, which comes from [[chlorophyll]] found in [[plastid]]s in the ''... - Glucagon (2581 bytes)
13: The hormone is synthesized and secreted from [[alpha cell]]s of pancreatic islets ([[Islets ...
15: ...the bloodstream. Both of these mechanisms lead to glucose release by the liver preventing the development o...
22: ...The glucagon is injected and quickly raises blood glucose levels. It works only if there is glycogen stored... - Cell (29541 bytes)
3: ...are composed of one or more cells; all cells come from preexisting cells; all vital functions of an or...
5: The word ''[[cell]]'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''cella'', a small room. The nam...
15: ...ored in organic molecules. This energy is derived from [[metabolic pathway]]s.
23: ...they live alone or in groups. [[Organism]]s vary from single cells (called '''single-celled''' or '''...
34: ... which envelopes the cell, separates its interior from the surroundings, controls what moves in and o... - Hydrogen (20221 bytes)
108: '''Hydrogen''' ([[Latin]]: ''hydrogenium'', from [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''hydro'': water, ''g...
110: ...s the conversion of biomass derivatives such as [[glucose]] or [[sorbitol]], which can be done at low tempe...
135: ...torage and transport issues), from [[bio-fuel]]s, from and into [[natural gas]] and [[diesel]] fuel. A...
138: ... ([[French language|French]] for ''water-maker'', from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''hud?, "water" and ''...
144: ... is allowed to only be at very specific distances from the proton. Modeling the hydrogen atom in this ... - Chemical formula (5472 bytes)
1: ...ormula used for a series of compounds that differ from each other by a constant unit is called '''gene...
9: and glucose with six [[carbon]] atoms, twelve [[hydrogen]] at...
16: ...b>CH. However, this implies a different structure from other molecules that can be formed using the sa...
22: ... bond (''cis'' or ''Z'') or on the opposite sides from each other.(''trans'' or ''E'') - Ecology (24417 bytes)
1: ...866]] by the German biologist, [[Ernst Haeckel]], from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''oikos'' meaning ...
4: ...rganisms can be studied at many different levels, from [[proteins]] and [[nucleic acid]]s (in [[bioche...
17: ...major sub-disciplines include (in a nested series from the smallest to the largest in scope):
30: or from the perspective of the studied [[biomes]]:
45: ...is only the very thin surface layer which extends from 11,000 meters below sea level to 15,000 meters ... - Sea anemone (3337 bytes)
18: ...[oxygen]] and food in the form of [[glycerol]], [[glucose]] and [[alanine]]; the algae in turn are assured ...
20: ...one benefits because the anemone gets food scraps from the clownfish. - Blood (11213 bytes)
2: [[Image:Redbloodcells.jpg|right|frame|[[Red blood cell]]s (erythrocytes) are present...
4: ...ritish English|BE]]: ''haemo-'' and ''haemato-'') from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "''haima''" f...
6: ...on of blood is to supply nutrients ([[oxygen]], [[glucose]]) and constitutional elements to [[biological ti...
11: ...invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are...
14: ...xygen. (Openings called [[trachea]]e allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). In... - Rice (13724 bytes)
24: ...es are native to South Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation has made i...
27: ...to water: the water in the paddies prevents weeds from outgrowing the crop. Once the rice has establi...
33: ...o keep the water supply steady and prevent floods from reaching a dangerous level.
40: ...e rice]]. The white rice may then be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called ''polished rice''), ...
44: ..., rice is generally safe for people on a [[gluten-free diet]]. - Chitin (1079 bytes)
1: ...together in β-1,4 fashion, the same as the [[glucose]] units that make up [[cellulose]]. So chitin may...
3: ...iton#Name|chiton]]" (a marine animal) both derive from the same [[Greek language|Greek]] word meaning ...
7: From chitin [[chitosan]] can be produced. - Cellulose (2147 bytes)
3: ...ysaccharide]] [[carbohydrate]], of [[glucose|beta-glucose]]. It forms the primary structural component of [...
10: ...], and more recently [[Modal]], a textile derived from beechwood cellulose.
17: Cellulose [[monomer]]s (beta-glucose) are linked together through 1,4 [[glycosidic bon...
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