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- Pope Paschal II (3427 bytes)
1: ...rius''''' (d. [[January 21]], [[1118]]), [[pope]] from [[August 13]], [[1099]] until his death, was a ...
3: ... 1106 to seek the mediation of King [[Philip I of France]] and Prince Louis in the Imperial struggle, ...
5: ...hem as imperial fiefs and forced the pope to flee from Rome. Paschal returned after the emperor's with... - Crusade (28507 bytes)
2: ...ian Crusade]] against the [[Cathars]] of southern France and the [[Northern Crusades]].
7: ...ght an outlet for their violence. A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor [[Alexius I]] in opposing...
9: ...day Spanish Catholics are allowed to substitute [[Friday abstinence]] with prayer or alms (except duri...
18: ...n and consider how the idea of a holy war emerged from this background.'' — [[Norman F. Cantor]]
21: ... Eastern church, [[Alexius I]] expected some help from a fellow Christian. However, the response was m... - Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
21: ...inian's generals reconquer North Africa and Italy from the [[Vandals]] and [[Ostrogoths]].
27: ...n the following decades, they take most of North Africa, and later conquer Sicily as well.
29: ...the Empire's remaining Italian territories, aside from some territories in the south.
51: ...ror of the Romans) which was now reserved for the Frankish monarch, but as "Imperator Graecorum" (Empe...
61: ...re, particularily in the [[acritic songs]], where frontiersmen (ακρίτε&#... - Christianity (47078 bytes)
6: ...term "Christ" to describe Jesus, which is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] translation for "M...
8: ...lly grouped into three main branches, which split from one another in disputes over doctrine:
14: ... but not [[Restorationism]]) derive their beliefs from the conclusions reached by the Council of Nicea...
29: ...stles and other followers claimed that Jesus rose from the dead, and set out to [[preach]] the new mes...
35: * via [[Egypt]] into [[North Africa]], [[Sudan]] and [[Ethiopia]] - Pope Boniface III (3651 bytes)
1: '''Boniface III''' was [[Pope]] from [[February 19]] to [[November 12]], [[607]]. Th...
3: ...had fled his home along with his clergy to escape from attacks by the [[Slavs]] and [[Avars]]. John, h...
5: ...was serious in his desire to keep papal elections free.
7: ...h Emperor Phocas. He sought and obtained a decree from Phocas which restated that "the See of Blessed ... - Pope Theodore I (1731 bytes)
3: ... briefly recanted his heresy ([[645]]), but was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] in [[648]]. Paul was excommunica... - Pope Formosus (4107 bytes)
2: ...), and he persuaded [[Charles the Bald]], King of France, to be crowned by the pope.
4: ...announced in July 872. In [[878]] the sentence of excommunication was withdrawn, after he had promised never to ret...
8: ...ris]] and [[Charles the Simple]] for the [[France|French]] crown, the pope sided with Charles.
14: ...tments were torn from his body, the three fingers from his right hand which the pope had used in conse... - Pope Sergius III (3716 bytes)
3: ...f the surviving documentation about Sergius comes from his opponents. - Pope Gregory V (2336 bytes)
5: ...tha, by the rigorous enforcement of a sentence of excommunication on the kingdom. - Giordano Bruno (15356 bytes)
3: ... popularly regarded as a martyr to the cause of [[freedom of thought]] because his ideas went against ...
7: ...rdano on becoming a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar at the [[Monastery]] of Saint Domenico near [[...
9: ...t [[Egypt]]. They are now believed to date mostly from about [[300]] A.D. and to be associated with [[...
13: ...ernicus|Copernicanism]] and forced to leave for [[France]].
17: ...powerful French patrons, including [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]. During this period, he published... - Timeline of Ancient Rome (22347 bytes)
1: ...'''Timeline of events concerning Ancient Rome''', from the city foundation until the last attempt of t...
23: ...The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
30: * [[421 BC]] – Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
44: ...sus honorum|office]] before 10 years have elapsed from the first election
53: * [[267 BC]] – Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6 - History of Christianity (35391 bytes)
8: ...in the [[first century]] AD. Christianity brought from Judaism its [[scriptures]] (the [[Old Testament...
10: ... on different interpretations of various passages from the Old Testament (or [[Tanakh]]).
26: ...hurch]] is said to extend in an unbroken timeline from this period. This section will examine those f...
45: *[[Justin Martyr]], convert from Greek philosophy
67: ...hurch and Roman Emperor Constantine, we can infer from [[Athanasius]]' arguments against Arius some id... - Martin Luther (43050 bytes)
17: ...ght|220px|The "Luther house" where Luther boarded from ages 14 to 17 while attending private school at...
19: ...opper]] mine in nearby [[Mansfeld]]. Having risen from the [[peasantry]], his father was determined to...
28: ...ed the young man needed more work to distract him from excessive [[rumination]]. He ordered the monk t...
31: ...hteousness, by which humans receive righteousness from God through the perfect works, life, death and ...
37: ...t the doctrine in question), thereby freeing them from the pains of purgatory. - Lorenzo de' Medici (6381 bytes)
12: ... He seized all the Medici assets he could find, [[excommunication|excommunicated]] Lorenzo and the entire governmen...
22: ...self, he saw to it that they received commissions from other patrons. He was an artist of some note hi...
24: ...t of [[humanism]] through his circle of scholarly friends who studied Greek philosophers, and attempte...
34: ...cure again on the accession of a distant relative from a branch line of the family, [[Cosimo I de' Med...
46: ... History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy: From the Earliest Times to the Death of Lorenzo the ... - First Crusade (34670 bytes)
2: ...side of [[Europe]]. Both [[knight]]s and peasants from many different nations of [[western Europe]], w...
5: ...ral, and of the First Crusade in particular, stem from events earlier in the [[Middle Ages]]. The brea...
7: ...Sardinia]], freeing the coasts of Italy and Spain from [[Muslim]] raids.
12: ... were politically and, to some extent, culturally fragmented at the time of the First Crusade, which c...
16: ...rusalem to the Seljuks in 1076, but recaptured it from the Ortoqids in 1098 while the crusaders were o...
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