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- Grapefruit (4275 bytes)
1: ...{Taxobox_begin | color = lightgreen | name = Grapefruit}}
2: ...sket of grapefruit]] | caption = A basket of grapefruit}}
16: ...n for its [[fruit]], which are also known as grapefruit.
18: ...ions in [[Florida]] and [[Texas]]. In Spanish the fruit is known as the ''toronja''.
20: ...o]] (''Citrus grandis'') with the sweet [[orange (fruit)|orange]] (''Citrus sinensis''), though it is ... - Gastrointestinal tract (16596 bytes)
4: The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. For instance, some animals h...
33: ...nd pancreatic [[amylase]], as well as nucleolytic enzymes, into the small intestine. Both these [[secretio...
39: ...essing takes place, especially on protein, by the enzymes present in the stomach. It then passes to the [[...
45: ... of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the [[mouth]] to the [[anus]] (see figure). Ins...
59: ...ese waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. - Digestion (4206 bytes)
9: ...mach and later parts of the digestive tract, more enzymes are activated or deactivated to extract and proc...
11: ... in the liver; these bile pigments are eliminated from the body with the feces). Most nutrient absorpt...
22: ... duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of b...
27: ...in a [[saprobiontic]] manner, releasing digestive enzymes externally and then absorbing the digested produ... - Immune system (14564 bytes)
1: ...he [[organ system]] that protects an [[organism]] from outside biological influences. In the broad sen...
6: ...ot been protected, and gets degraded by the first enzyme. While study of the bacterial immune system provi...
11: ...] and [[autoimmune disorder|autoimmunity]]) arise from failures of discriminatory systems.
23: ...owever, most organisms are under constant assault from pathogens, which must be kept in check by the f...
31: ...s. Macrophages are thought to mature continuously from circulating [[monocyte]]s. - Pancreas (4781 bytes)
2: ... produces pancreatic juice containing digestive [[enzyme]]s
19: The pancreas produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foo...
21: ... with secretory granules containing the digestive enzymes (mainly [[trypsin]], [[chymotrypsin]], [[pancrea...
23: ...(lipids) and proteins - the intestinal walls have enzymes that will digest polysaccharides. Pancreatic se...
24: ...[[cholecystokinin]] and [[secretin]], which are [[enzyme]]s secreted by cells in the [[stomach]] and [[duo... - Stomach (5970 bytes)
1: ...imary function is not the absorption of nutrients from digested food; this task is usually performed b...
4: [[Image:Stomach_diagram.gif|right|frame|The location of the stomach in the body.]]
6: ...drochloric acid]]) with [[peptidase]] digestive [[enzyme]]s.
8: ...me]]s required for the digestion of [[cellulose]] from [[plant]] matter. The partially digested plant ...
14: [[Image:Stomach2.gif|right|frame|Diagram of the stomach, showing the different ... - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
5: ... cortex]], both of which receive regulatory input from the [[nervous system]]. As its name suggests, t...
11: ...mpathetic nervous system]], receiving innervation from corresponding [[preganglionic fiber]]s. Moreove...
26: ...here it is converted into [[pregnenolone]] by the enzyme CYP11A. Accordingly, production of hormones in al...
47: * stimulating the release of [[amino acid]]s from the body
49: ...[gluconeogenesis]], the production of [[glucose]] from newly-released amino acids and [[lipid]]s - Bee (11175 bytes)
27: ...] that they use in order to obtain the [[nectar]] from [[flower]]s. Bees have antennae made up of thir...
29: ... on other species. Some of this pollen is carried from flower to flower, but the bulk of it is carried...
41: ...]]s begins in the spring when the queen bee rises from hibernation. At this time the queen bee is the ...
45: ...le]], and deposits all the [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s from which the other bees are produced. Except for h...
47: ...upa]]e in a frame of honeycomb are referred to as frames of [[brood (honeybee)|brood]] and are often s... - Honey (11666 bytes)
4: ... fluid produced by [[bee]]s and other [[insect]]s from the [[nectar]] of [[flower]]s. "The definition ...
8: ...ure content is too low. Natural, raw honey varies from 14% to 18% moisture content. As long as the moi...
17: *[[Fructose]]: 38%
29: ...licacy]] for its unique flavour. [[Manuka]] honey from [[New Zealand]] is said by some to have more sp...
31: ...ece]] is famous for [[wild thyme]] honey, as is [[France]] for [[lavender]] and [[Black locust|acacia]... - Acrosome (814 bytes)
1: ...ration. The acrosome contains digestive [[enzyme|enzymes]] (including [[hyaluronidase]] and [[acrosin]]) ...
4: ... the egg cell, and digestive enzymes are released from the sperm to digest the zona pellucida and give... - Food (24212 bytes)
1: [[Image:Foods.jpg|thumbnail|right|Food from plant sources]]
23: ...epare food prior to eating since their divergence from [[Homo erectus]], possibly even earlier.
28: ...o eat meals together with other family members or friends and this is seen as an important social occa...
39: ...ce on mechanised tools which have been developed, from the [[threshing machine]], [[seed drill]], thro...
49: ===From [[plant]]s=== - Carnivorous plant (44834 bytes)
13: ...n a rolled leaf that contains a pool of digestive enzymes;
29: ...e leaves are quite clearly evolutionarily derived from a simple
46: rolled-leaf tube, and protects it from rain. Possibly because of this improved
47: waterproofing, species of ''Sarracenia'' secrete enzymes such as [[protease]]s and [[phosphatase]]s into ...
48: ...hora'' relies on bacterial digestion alone. These enzymes digest the [[protein]]s and [[nucleic acid]]s in... - Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
3: ...are composed of one or more cells; all cells come from preexisting cells; all vital functions of an or...
5: The word ''[[cell]]'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''cella'', a small room. The nam...
15: ...ored in organic molecules. This energy is derived from [[metabolic pathway]]s.
16: ...]s, the functional workhorses of cells, such as [[enzyme]]s. A typical [[mammal|mammalian]] cell contains...
23: ...they live alone or in groups. [[Organism]]s vary from single cells (called '''single-celled''' or '''... - Golgi apparatus (4223 bytes)
1: ...e]]s or endosomes and those that will be secreted from the cell, and sort them within [[vesicle (biolo...
3: ...nt where there are a lot of substances, such as [[enzyme]]s, being secreted.
15: The transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the cis face of the Golgi appa...
17: ...ransport'' (small vesicles transport the proteins from one [[cisterna]] to the next, while the cistern...
22: ...Apparatus, carbohydrates are attached and removed from these glycoproteins, creating a diversity of ca... - Endoplasmic reticulum (5319 bytes)
3: ...is|exocytosed]]" from the cell (e.g., digestive [[enzyme]]s).
19: ... a space, the cisternal space (or internal lumen) from the [[cytosol]]. This space is acting as a gate...
21: ...bosomes on the surface of the rough ER insert the freshly produced proteins directly into the ER, whic...
32: ...hydrate metabolism]], detoxification of the cell (enzymes in the smooth ER detoxify chemicals), and [[calc...
44: Only properly folded proteins are transported from the RER to the [[Golgi complex]]. - Mitochondrion (10103 bytes)
8: [[image:mitochondrion.png|frame|'''Cross-section of a mitochondrion, showing:'...
9: ...e-shaped organelle pictured to the right, ranging from 1 to 4 [[Micrometre|?m]] in length. At the othe...
16: ...pholipid]]s by weight and contains a variety of [[enzyme]]s involved in such diverse activities such as th...
23: In addition to various enzymes, the mitochondrial matrix also contains [[riboso...
36: ... For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify [[ammonia]], a waste... - Lysosome (2936 bytes)
1: ...ysosome. The lysosome itself is likely protectred from digestion due to its unique internal 3-D struct...
3: The most important enzymes in lysosomes are:
9: ...cules from [[phagocytosis]] (ingestion of cells), from the cell's own recycling process (where old com... - Vesicle (biology) (1701 bytes)
1: ...atively small and enclosed compartment, separated from the [[cytosol]] by at least one [[lipid bilayer...
4: ...lso in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]], or are made from parts of the [[plasma membrane]].
7: ...between locations inside the cell, e.g., proteins from the Rough [[Endoplasmic Reticulum]] to the [[Go...
11: ... them down to small compounds) that were taken in from the outside of the cell by an endocytic vesicle... - Peroxisome (2015 bytes)
1: ...sist of a single [[membrane]] that separates them from the [[cytosol]] (the internal fluid of the cell...
4: ...eroxide]], or other [[metabolite]]s and contain [[enzyme]]s concerned with oxygen utilization such as [[D-...
5: The peroxisome contains the enzyme [[catalase]] which converts H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2<...
7: ...eroxisome are imported from the [[cytosol]]. Each enzyme transferred to a peroxisome has a special sequenc... - DNA (29095 bytes)
5: ...gical cell|cell]] organisms, DNA is not separated from the [[cytoplasm]] by a [[nuclear envelope]]. In...
10: ...e-but-impossible-to-read one! It has been assumed from the beginning that this is not necessarily a ve...
14: ...only'' contained scientific data -- that would be frustrating, wouldn't it?
31: ...lit half of the strand plus the bases it collects from the soup will ideally end up as a complete repl...
35: ...or was unknown and only a DNA sample was obtained from the scene (particularly in [[rape]] cases betwe...
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