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- Mary I of Scotland (27810 bytes)
7: ... Queen of Scots,''' was the ruler of [[Scotland]] from [[December 14]], [[1542]] – [[July 24]], ...
12: ... [[1542]] to King [[James V of Scotland]] and his French wife, [[Marie de Guise]].
17: ...ted the French spelling Stuart during her time in France, and she and her descendants stuck with it.)
24: ... there. Then he stood by, holding her to keep her from rolling off.
31: ...ted them to break their traditional alliance with France. Fearing an uprising among the people, the [[... - Manuscript (5266 bytes)
8: ...r]]. In Russia [[birch bark documents]] as old as from the 11th century have survived.
10: ...s in a [[scriptorium]], each making a single copy from an original that was declaimed aloud.
16: ... language|Greek]] or [[Latin]] and usually dating from the [[4th century]] to the [[8th century]], are...
30: *[[Codex]] - Bookbinding (7761 bytes)
4: ...the time created a form of simple book called a [[codex]] by folding sheets of vellum or parchment in hal...
6: ...s were bound between hard covers, with pages made from [[paper]], or [[parchment]], but were still cre...
8: With the arrival (from the East) of rag paper manufacturing through Eu...
16: ...gid covers and is stitched in the spine. Looking from the top of the spine, the book can be seen to c...
43: * A ''leaf'' is a single complete page, front and back, in a finished book. - Illuminated manuscript (5973 bytes)
1: ... manuscript)|miniature]] of [[Christ in Majesty]] from the [[Aberdeen Bestiary]] (folio 4v), would be ...
3: ...s are the most common type of artifact to survive from the middle ages. They are also the best survi...
13: Illumination was a complex and frequently costly process. As such, it was usually ...
35: | Plant-based colors, such as [[saffron]]; yellow earth colors ([[ochre]]); [[orpiment]...
41: | Ultramarine (made from the mineral [[lapis lazuli]]); [[azurite]]; [[... - Papyrus (5819 bytes)
2: '''Papyrus''' is an early form of [[paper]] made from the [[pith]] of the papyrus plant, ''[[Cyperus ...
5: ...mbda;ος ''bublos'' (said to derive from the name of the [[Phoenicia|Phoencian]] city of...
10: A sheet of papyrus is made from the stem of the plant. The outer rind is first ...
17: ... Gr棯-Roman world it became common to cut sheets from papyrus rolls in order to form codices.
21: ...had been reintroduced into Egypt in [[1872]] from France. Both Sicily and Egypt continue to have centr... - Medieval music (31843 bytes)
17: ...e. A German theorist of a slightly later period, Franco of Cologne, was the first to describe a syste...
19: ...as a stand-in for 4/4 time is actually a holdover from this practice, not an abbreviation for "common ...
21: ...emensis), [[Johannes de Muris|Jehan des Murs]], [[Franco of Cologne]], [[Johannes de Garlandia]] (Joha...
27: ...hant]] was used and shows the influence of North African music. The Mozarabic liturgy even survived th...
32: ...lodies]] that make up the repertory probably come from several sources, some as far back as the pontif... - Medieval literature (14207 bytes)
2: ...erature, it is a complex and rich field of study, from the utterly [[sacred]] to the exuberantly [[pro...
7: ...survived in the [[Breton lai|lais]] of [[Marie de France]], the ''[[Mabinogion]]'' and the [[King Arth...
10: ...anding down something from an [[auctor]] instead. From this point of view, the names of the individual...
20: ...iographies]], or "lives of the saints", were also frequently written, as an encouragement to the devou...
22: ...a prolific poet, and his [[Franciscan]] followers frequently wrote poetry themselves as an expression ... - Food (24212 bytes)
1: [[Image:Foods.jpg|thumbnail|right|Food from plant sources]]
23: ...epare food prior to eating since their divergence from [[Homo erectus]], possibly even earlier.
28: ...o eat meals together with other family members or friends and this is seen as an important social occa...
39: ...ce on mechanised tools which have been developed, from the [[threshing machine]], [[seed drill]], thro...
49: ===From [[plant]]s=== - Venus (planet) (31010 bytes)
1: '''Venus''', the second [[planet]] from the [[Sun]], is named after the [[Roman mytholo...
3: ..., it always appears in roughly the same direction from Earth as the Sun (the greatest [[elongation]] i...
7: ...me astronomers use ''[[Cytherean]]'', which comes from [[Cythera]]. Other less common adjectives incl...
14: ...]'s, even though Venus is nearly twice as distant from the Sun and only receives 25% of the solar irra...
16: ...k into space. This prevents most of the sunlight from ever heating the surface. Venus's [[Bolometer|... - Calf (588 bytes)
5: ...]]. Fine calf skin used for [[page]]s in early [[codex]]es is called [[pergamon]]. - Maya civilization (25116 bytes)
22: ...izable as Maya are the fantastic stepped pyramids from the [[Terminal Pre-classic]] period and beyond....
29: ...ion and availability of natural resources such as fresh-water wells, or ''[[cenotes]]'', the city grew...
37: ... with stone tools ... only hardening once removed from its bed. In addition to the structural use of ...
41: ...of a platform sub-structure that varied in height from less than a meter, in the case of terraces and ...
54: ...e]]s and [[equinox]]es. Other ideas seem to stem from the possible creation story told by the relief ... - Hernan Cortes (17441 bytes)
5: ...ern-day [[Peru]] (not to be confused with another Francisco Pizarro who joined Cortés to conquer the ...
12: ...o Hernández de Córdoba (discoverer of Yucatán)|Francisco Hernández de Córdoba]] in [[1517]] and [...
15: ...georgiasouthern.edu/international/pages/SECOLAS/CAFryer.htm]
18: ...), and a dialect of Nahautl spoken only to and in front of the Mexica/Aztec emperor.
20: ...ty magistrates he had appointed, all conveniently friends of his. - Aztec (38742 bytes)
7: ...to the [[empire]] of the Mexicas as distinguished from the Mexicas alone. This article deals with the ...
9: ...e of the Mexicas, Azteca means "someone who comes from [[Aztlán]]", a place commonly believed to be l...
11: Ironically, the [[Aubin Codex]] relates that after leaving Aztlan, [[Huitzilopo...
13: ...ating the moment when '''Aztecs''' found the omen from the god [[Huitzilopochtli]] signaling the locat...
14: ...h century, as a way to distance "modern" Mexicans from pre-conquest Mexicans. This usage has been the... - Pergamon (4084 bytes)
1: [[Image:Pergamum_31.jpg|right|thumb|330px|View from Pergamon looking down on the city of Bergama.Im...
3: ...in [[Mysia]], northwestern [[Anatolia]], 16 miles from the [[Aegean Sea]], located on a [[promontory]]...
11: ...e Pergamenes invented a new substance to use in [[codex|codices]], called ''pergaminus'' or [[parchment]]...
28: *[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/istanbul/circuit_turquie_voyage_culturel_asie_min... - Cadmium (10755 bytes)
175: *Due to a low [[coefficient of friction]] and very good fatigue resistance, it is u...
181: ...r [[solar cell]]s. [[HgCdTe]] is sensitive to [[infrared]].
186: ...nts|discovered]] in [[Germany]] in [[1817]] by [[Friedrich Strohmeyer]]. Strohmeyer found the new ele...
188: ...ighly toxic, the [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] from 1907 states that [[cadmium iodide]] was used as...
194: ...tion, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling [[iron]] and [[stee... - Roman law (15349 bytes)
2: ...sand years from the law of the [[twelve tables]] (from [[449 BC]]) to the [[Corpus Iuris Civilis | cod...
8: ...iri legibus scribundis'') in the year 449 BC. The fragments which have been preserved show that it was...
10: Another important statute from the Republican era is the [[lex Aquilia]] of [[...
12: ...in later times, and [[Servius Sulpicius Rufus]] a friend of [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]. This, Rome had ...
19: ...praetor�s edict, which was used by all praetors from that time onwards. This edict contained detaile... - Theories and sociology of the history of science (16096 bytes)
7: ...ndous government support and also ongoing support from the private sector. Available methods of commun...
9: ...their peers, though a number of scholarly critics from both inside and outside the scientific communit...
13: ...as created as an institution of the government of France [[1666]], meeting in the King's library. The ...
15: ...ost-Cold War era, a decline in government funding from many countries has been met with an increase of...
22: ... painting]]s depicted events, with no commentary. From 40,000 BC to 15,000 BC. - Maya (24836 bytes)
22: ...izable as Maya are the fantastic stepped pyramids from the [[Terminal Pre-classic]] period and beyond....
29: ...ion and availability of natural resources such as fresh-water wells, or ''[[cenotes]]'', the city grew...
37: ... with stone tools ... only hardening once removed from its bed. In addition to the structural use of ...
41: ...of a platform sub-structure that varied in height from less than a meter, in the case of terraces and ...
54: ...e]]s and [[equinox]]es. Other ideas seem to stem from the possible creation story told by the relief ... - Maya hieroglyphics (3466 bytes)
1: ...iously painted on ceramics, walls or bark-paper [[codex|codices]], carved in wood or stone, or molded in ...
3: ...|right|thumb|An inscription in Maya heiroglyphics from the site of [[Naranjo]], relating to the reign ...
7: .... Most surviving texts in Maya hieroglyphics are from pottery or monuments in sites that were abandon...
13: ...ient writing system from the [[Olmec]]s (Schele & Freidel, 1990; Soustelle, 1984).
16: ... for symbols whose general meaning was understood from context began to be developed. Prominent older ... - Maya codices (899 bytes)
1: '''Maya codices''' (singular ''[[codex]]'') are [[book]]s written by the [[pre-Columbian...
3: ...ords of Maya civilization, although now more text from stone monuments survives.
5: Only three codices and a fragment of a fourth survived to modern times. These...
7: ...e Madrid Codex, also known as the Tro-Cortesianus Codex
8: * The Dresden Codex
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