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- Mary I of Scotland (27810 bytes)
7: ... Queen of Scots,''' was the ruler of [[Scotland]] from [[December 14]], [[1542]] – [[July 24]], ...
12: ... [[1542]] to King [[James V of Scotland]] and his French wife, [[Marie de Guise]].
17: ...ted the French spelling Stuart during her time in France, and she and her descendants stuck with it.)
24: ... there. Then he stood by, holding her to keep her from rolling off.
31: ...ted them to break their traditional alliance with France. Fearing an uprising among the people, the [[... - Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
7: ...ngland]] and [[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]] from [[17 November]] [[1558]] until her death. Somet...
9: ...th impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances. Like her fa...
11: ...the number of [[Privy Council|Privy Counsellors]] from thirty-nine to nineteen, and later to fourteen.
16: ...as addressed as Lady Elizabeth and lived in exile from her father as he married his succession of wive...
18: ...th Elizabeth and remained her confidante and good friend for life. She had been appointed to Elizabeth... - Veronica Franco (1937 bytes)
1: '''Veronica Franco''' ([[1546]]-[[1591]]) was a [[poet]] and [[c...
3: ...e even had a brief liaison with King Henri III of France. She was listed as one of the foremost courte...
5: ... and ''Lettere familiari a diversi'', in 1575 and 1580, respectively. She published books of letters and...
7: While prosperous in her dual career, Veronica Franco's life was not without hardship. In 1575, a ...
9: The life and times of Veronica Franco were made into the 1998 movie, "Dangerous Bea... - Ellen MacArthur (3652 bytes)
2: ...976]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[sailor]] from [[Whatstandwell]] near [[Matlock, England|Matlo...
6: ...ited Kingdom|UK]] and "Sailing's Young Hope" in [[France]].
16: ...eating the previous record set by French sailor [[Francis Joyon]] by 1 day, 8 hours, 35 minutes, 49 se...
18: ...ome after their respective circumnavigations in [[1580]] and [[1967]]. MacArthur was also made an honora... - Egypt (18830 bytes)
2: |+<big><big>'''جمهوريّة...
22: | [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]
40: | from the [[United Kingdom|UK]]<br />[[28 February]],...
56: ...s a [[republic]] mostly located in North-Eastern Africa.
58: ...he majority of the country is located in [[North Africa]]. It shares land borders with [[Libya]] to th... - Age of Exploration (14467 bytes)
1: ...e so-called '''Age of Exploration''' was a period from the early [[15th century]] and continuing into ...
7: ... East was almost completely controlled by traders from the Italian city states. Their close links to t...
9: ...[[Marco Polo]] who traveled throughout the Orient from [[1271]] to [[1295]]. His journey was written u...
15: ...iving European sailors some idea of the shape of Africa and Asia.
18: ... could be bypassed by trading directly with West Africa by sea. It was also hoped that south of the Sa... - Algeria (16548 bytes)
1: ... is derived from the name of the city of Algiers; from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''al-jaz...
3: ...1607;ورية الجزائرية ا...
21: ... || [[Berber language|Berber]], [[French language|French unofficial but commonly used in administratio...
23:
38: | From [[France]]<br>[[July 5]], [[1962]] - Iraq (19222 bytes)
1: ...eader [[Saddam Hussein]] and his [[Ba'ath Party]] from power. Although, the legality of the invasion ...
3: |+<big><big>'''الجمهورية ا...
29: ... '''[[Independence]]''' || [[1 October]] [[1919]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]]
30: [[3 October]] [[1932]] from the [[United Kingdom|British]]
44: ...>''(Citizens have [[Freedom of religion|religious freedom]])'' || [[Islam]] - Lebanon (34225 bytes)
4: |+<big><big>'''الجمهوريّة...
23: | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]], [[Armenian l...
66: ...word "Lebanon" (also "Loubnan" or "Lebnan") comes from the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] word ''laban''...
73: ...e provinces that make up present-day Lebanon to [[France]].
77: ...try gained independence in [[1943]], and [[France|French]] troops withdrew in [[1946]]. - Argentina (30219 bytes)
35: established_dates = from [[Spain]]<br/> [[May 25]], [[1810]]<br/>[[July ...
52: The name '''Argentina''' is derived from the [[Latin]] ''argentum'' ([[silver]]). The or...
57: ...port. Buenos Aires formally declared independence from Spain on [[July 9]], [[1816]]. Argentines rever...
59: ...es—especially the western pampas—came from throughout Europe.
61: ... modern military and labor movements that emerged from the growing urban working class. - Djibouti (8746 bytes)
2: ... the Red Sea, on the [[Arabian Peninsula]], 20 km from the coast of Djibouti, is [[Yemen]].
4: ...1580;مهورية جيبوتي<br>Jumhuriyaa...
20: | [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]]
45: | [[Djiboutian Franc|Franc]] ([[ISO_4217|DJF]])
64: ...de]]. In [[1967]], the name was changed to the '''French Territory of the Afars and the Issas'''. On [... - Sudan (18856 bytes)
2: ...cratic Republic of the Congo]] and the [[Central African Republic]] to the southwest, [[Chad]] to the ...
8: native_name = جمهورية ا...
40: established_dates = From [[Egypt]] and the [[United Kingdom]] <br> [[Jan...
64: ...7 years of [[First Sudanese Civil War|civil war]] from [[1955]] to [[1972]].
66: ...s born of the North (Arab, Muslim) versus South (African, Christian and animistic) and has a strong ec... - Portugal (61755 bytes)
5: ... the country's early history, stemming as it does from the Roman name ''Portus Cale'', a possibly mixe...
15: ...C]], several waves of [[Celts]] invaded Portugal from [[Central Europe]] and intermarried with local ...
17: ...Portugal started from the south, where they found friendly natives, the [[Conii]]. Over decades, the R...
25: ...s. From there they aimed to reconquer their lands from the [[Moors]] (mainly [[Berber]] with some [[Ar...
27: ...r of the Iberian Peninsula, faced new competition from other regions. The lords of the cities of [[Coi... - Spain (36498 bytes)
1: ...e cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] in [[north Africa]], and a number of uninhabited islands on the ...
58: ...in the sense that they are not known to have come from elsewhere), consisting of a number of separate ...
70: ...s present languages, religion, and laws originate from this Roman period.
73: ...frica. Much of Spain's distinctive art originates from this seven-hundred-year period, and many Arabic...
77: ...ain|Felipe II]], became King of [[Portugal]] in [[1580]], as well as of the other Iberian Kingdoms (coll... - List of painters (54090 bytes)
7: *[[Paul Cezanne]], ([[1839]]-[[1906]]), French artist
12: *[[Claude Monet]], ([[1840]]-[[1926]]), French [[Impressionism|impressionist]] painter
17: *[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], ([[1841]]-[[1919]]), French [[Impressionism|impressionist]] painter
29: *[[Franklin Adams]]
59: *[[Fra Angelico]] ([[1387]]-[[1445]]) - Johannes Kepler (17038 bytes)
9: ...]], [[1571]] at the [[Imperial Free City|Imperial Free City]] of [[Weil der Stadt]] (now part of the [...
11: Though he excelled in his schooling, Kepler was frequently bullied, and was plagued by a belief that...
13: ...er astronomical event, the [[Lunar eclipse]] of [[1580]], recording that he remembered being "called out...
15: ...o be a superb mathematician. Upon his graduation from that school in [[1591]], he went on to pursue s...
19: ...ath, Kepler was appointed Imperial Mathematician (from November [[1601]] to [[1630]]) to the Habsburg ... - Francis Bacon (16741 bytes)
1: [[image:Francis_Bacon.jpg|thumb|250px|Sir Francis Bacon]]
2: ...lish]] [[philosopher]], [[statesman]], [[spy]], [[freemason]] and [[essayist]]. He was knighted in [[1...
4: ...n method]]''. Induction implies drawing knowledge from the natural world through experimentation, obse...
6: Francis Bacon was born at York House, Strand [[Londo...
16: ...nt and society in [[France]] under [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] afforded him valuable political i... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
9: ...nci", which means "Leonardo, son of Mister Piero, from Vinci". Leonardo himself simply signed his work...
18: ...with his assistant, Salai, "Did you play the game from behind which the Florentines love so much?"
20: ...ntimately involved with any woman, nor in a close friendship with one. He also surrounded himself with...
22: In 1506, Leonardo met [[Count Francesco Melzi]], the 15 year old son of a [[Lombar...
23: ... [[Niccolchiavelli]], [[Cesare Borgia]] and [[Franchinus Gaffurius]]. - Michel de Montaigne (5245 bytes)
2: ...ember 13]], [[1592]]) was an influential [[France|French]] [[Renaissance]] writer, generally consider...
6: ...Bordeaux]]. His mother, Antoniette de Lopez, came from a Spanish Jewish family, but was herself raised...
8: ...g at the Bordeaux Parlement, he became very close friends with the humanist writer [[Étienne de...
12: ...egan work on his ''Essays'', first published in [[1580]].
16: ...ce, respected both by the Catholic [[Henry III of France|King Henry III]] and the Protestant [[Henry o... - Protestant Reformation (26890 bytes)
1: ...atholic Church]] in [[Western Europe]]. The main front of the reformation was started by [[Martin Lut...
16: * Reformation in [[France]] -- [[Huguenot]]s, [[Pierre Viret]]
20: ...West. These frustrated reformist movements ranged from [[nominalism]], modern devotion, to [[humanism]...
22: ...he exercise of their authority. In [[England]], [[France]], and [[Spain]] the move toward centralizati...
24: ...onomy. Woolen manufacturing greatly expanded in [[France]], [[Germany]], and the [[Netherlands]] and n...
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