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- History of science (41710 bytes)
2: ...estigating the [[universe]] known as the [[scientific method]]. The '''history of science''' traces th...
4: ...al that older inquiries are known as ''pre-scientific''. Still, many place ancient [[natural philosoph...
6: ...e, notably [[ethics]]. In practice, each of these fields is heavily used by the others as an external ...
11: ...owledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data is self-evident, value-free, and context-fr...
13: ...; and [[Paul Feyerabend]], who argued that scientific knowledge is not cumulative or progressive, and ... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
7: ...ges do have something in common, namely that they fill the hands of exactly one person, was a breakthr...
10: ...iting numbers]]. Perhaps [[prehistoric]] peoples first expressed [[quantity]] by drawing lines in the...
15: ...blems that merit careful mental investigation. At first these were found in [[commerce]], [[land measu...
16: ...s in a unifying [[generalization]] for several subfields, or in a helpful tool for common [[calculatio...
21: ...]], [[group]] and [[category]], but some are specific to mathematics, such as [[homotopy]] and [[Hilbe... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
12: ...nci, in whom, besides a beauty of person never sufficiently admired and a wonderful grace in all his a...
16: ...urviving legal records of the [[Podest? and the Officers of the Night.
18: ...in the sixteenth century. Rocke reports that in a fictional dialogue on ''l'amore masculino'' (male lo...
23: ...her friends who are now figures renowned in their fields, or for their influence on history; these inc...
31: ...t with Salai and his friend [[Luca Pacioli]] (the first man to describe [[Double-Entry_Booking|double-... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...s the [[Age of Reason]]. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement...
16: ...observation, resulted in a coherent system of verifiable predictions and set the tone for much of what...
18: ...If the previous era was the age of reasoning from first principles, Enlightenment thinkers saw themsel...
20: ...s shift united the pure empiricism of Renaissance figures such as Sir [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Fr...
24: ... reflected the intrinsic quality of a person as defined by the philosophers of the age. [[John Locke]]... - Computer (32773 bytes)
1: ...ter case|tower]] of a [[personal computer]] (specifically a [[Power Mac G5]]).]]
3: ...f a problem or part of a system. If a computer configured in this way is given appropriate input data,...
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
14: ...'digital'' computers possible, was formally identified and explored by [[Claude E. Shannon]].
16: ...all mathematical problems. [[Alan Turing]] identified which problems could and could not be solved by... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
8: ... private tutors after leaving the academy. Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Charles said, "I ...
29: ... [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. He first discussed the principles of a calculating engi...
38: ...gutenberg.org/etext/4238] in [[1832]]. It was the first publication on what we would now call [[operat...
44: ...rk continued, but Charles would have continual difficulty getting money from the treasury.
46: ...e new workshop and demanded more money for the difficulty of traveling across town to oversee construc... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
3: ...[[navigator]]. He made three voyages to the [[Pacific Ocean]], in which its main shorelines were mappe...
7: ...r the town of [[Middlesbrough]]. Cook was one of five children born to Grace and James, Sr., who work...
8: .... While working for Walker, Cook began to study [[algebra]], [[trigonometry]], [[navigation]], and [[astron...
14: ...s, courage in exploring dangerous locations to confirm the facts (''e.g.'' dipping into the Antarctic ...
16: ==First voyage ([[1768]]-[[1771]])== - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
4: ...he [[Scholasticism|Schools]] on two major points: first, he rejects the analysis of corporeal substanc...
6: ...ounded [[analytic geometry]], that bridge between algebra and geometry crucial to the invention of the [[ca...
14: ...upon whatever came my way so as to derive some profit from it. (Descartes, ''Discourse on the Method o...
35: ...these began to develop. In his ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy]]'' he attempts to arrive at a fund... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
8: ===The first Persian state: Achaemenid Persia ([[648 BC]]-[...
11: The '''first record''' of the Persians comes from an [[Assy...
13: ... in southern Iran around 650 BC, establishing the first organized Persian [[state]]. The Persians grad...
15: ... and carried his arms eastward into central Asia. Finally in [[539 BC]], Cyrus marched triumphantly in...
19: ...ood for the empire's subjects, but ultimately benefited the Achaemenids, since the conquered peoples f... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
1: ...emistry]], [[medical science]] and [[surgery]], [[fine arts]], [[mechanical]] and [[production]] [[tec...
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
13: *Medical science & surgery � Around 800 BC, first compendium on medicine and surgery was complie...
14: ...ecitation has to be correct, which gave rise to a finer study of [[sound]] and [[phonetic]]s. The natu...
15: ...ion technology � [[Greek]] historians have testified to [[smelting]] of certain [[metal]]s in India ... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ...s' usually refers to [[European history]], scientific advances in the [[Eastern world]] will also be a...
4: ...al production dramatically. Most classical scientific treatises of [[classical antiquity]] (in [[Greek...
6: ...eved important advances in areas such as [[scientific method]]ology and [[physics]], among many others...
16: ...blems of interpretation. Given the limited scientific advances from about [[476]] to about [[1000]], t...
18: ... [[dialectic]]) and the ''quadrivium'', or scientific education ([[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[astro... - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
23: * First [[pottery]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
29: ...up3;) of [[sea water|salt water]] is added, significantly expanding it and transforming it from a fre...
38: * c. [[4000 BC]] - first examples of [[Sumerian]] [[writing]] in Mesopo...
49: * First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in [[Mesopotamia]].
50: ...gyptian Kingdoms, and gives birth to the worlds's first [[nation]]: [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
3: ...ality, except that numbers were not units as we define them today, but were expressions of ratios. The...
5: The golden ratio was first studied by ancient mathematicians due to its f...
13: ...to represent the golden ratio, taking it from the first letter in the name of the [[Greeks|Greek]] [[s...
15: == Definition ==
25: After multiplying the first equation with ''a''/''b'' or the second equati... - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ...atural numbers, the integers form a [[countably infinite]] set.
3: == Algebraic properties ==
24: ...'' infinite cyclic group, in the sense that any infinite cyclic group is [[group isomorphism|isomorphi...
26: The first four properties listed above for multiplicatio...
28: ...is process can be mimicked to form the [[quotient field]] of any [[integral domain]], where an integra... - Number (4151 bytes)
5: ...antity" except for the [[total order]], one can define numbers as elements of any [[integral domain]].
15: Rational numbers having a finite [[decimal|decimal representation]] are called...
17: The [[real number]]s '''R''', can have an infinite and non-repeating decimal expansion. Real num...
19: ...ield]] in which every polynomial with complex coefficients can be completely factored.
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
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