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- Eudocia Macrembolitissa (2682 bytes)
3: ...9]]. When Constantine died in [[1067]] she was confirmed as regent for their sons [[Michael VII|Michae...
13: ...e Empresses: Woman and Power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204''. Routledge, 1999. - Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
9: ...1169]]), and [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] ([[1121]]-[[1204]]). Melisende's authority was not passed over for...
11: ...s, including in the minting of money, granting of fiefdoms and other forms of patronage, and in diplom...
19: ...rces, such as [[William of Tyre]], discount the infidelity of Melisende and instead point out that Ful...
21: ...allenge Fulk, as Fulk's unfounded assertions of infidelity was a public affront that would damage Meli...
25: ... titles of nobility, fiefdoms, appointments and offices, granting royal favours and pardons and holdin... - Eleanor of Aquitaine (11927 bytes)
3: ..., [[France]], c. [[1124]] – [[March 31]], [[1204]] in [[Fontevrault]], [[Anjou]]) was one of the w...
10: ...r was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right and officially the most eligible heiress in Europe. These...
16: ...had been annexed by Bohemond of Hauteville in the First Crusade, and it was now ruled by her flamboyan...
18: ...that were the beginnings of what would become the field of [[Admiralty law|admiralty law]]. She later ...
20: ... their second daughter, [[Alix of France]] (their first was [[Marie de Champagne|Marie]]), but there w... - Greece (54754 bytes)
15: | '''[[Official language]]''' || [[Greek language|Greek]]
50: ...el|''Ellás''}} ([[IPA]]: [{{IPA|e̞ˈlas}}])), officially the '''Hellenic Republic''' ({{lang|el|Ελ...
65: ... Greece's [[Aegean Sea]] saw the emergence of the first civilizations in Europe, namely the [[Minoan c...
68: ... the eastern Mediterranean. When the Roman Empire finally split in two, the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], ...
80: ... not to last: During the Crusading epochs between 1204 to 1458, Greece was overrun by warrings Byzantine... - Crusade (28507 bytes)
7: ...ass of warriors who now had very little to do but fight among themselves and terrorize the peasant pop...
9: ...e [[mercenaries]] from elsewhere in Europe in the fight against the Islamic [[Moors]]. In [[1063]], [[...
11: ...ifest in the overwhelming popular support for the First Crusade, and the religious vitality of the 12t...
20: The trigger for the First Crusade was Emperor [[Alexius I]]'s appeal to ...
23: ..., with its sense that the highest good was to die fighting for the cause of the right deity, in a Chri... - Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
37: | [[1204]]
46: ...ts capital in [[Constantinople]]. In certain specific contexts, usually referring to the centuries tha...
51: ...played a crucial role in this. Henceforth, it was fixed policy in the West to refer to the emperor in ...
57: "[[Byzantium]] may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Chr...
61: Byzantines identified themselves as Ρωμαί	... - Castle (27805 bytes)
1: ...the logical development of a [[Fortification|fortified enclosure]]. The term is most often applied to ...
4: Castles also figure prominently in [[History of Japan|Japanese hi...
8: ... home. Castles were made by their owners for specific purposes, or evolved into new purposes over time...
10: * First and foremost castles were places of protection...
24: ...inseparably connected with the subjects of [[fortification]] (see also [[siegecraft]]) and [[domestic ... - Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
9: ...e (from the [[Latin]] word ''princeps'', meaning "first citizen", the only title Augustus would permit...
11: ... [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[History of Bulgaria|first and second Bulgarian empires]] (see [[List of ...
21: ...or several long-lasting achievements that would define the Empire:
22: *Creation of a hereditary office, which we refer to as [[Emperor]] of Rome.
23: ...le. Duration of Roman military service marked the final step in the evolution of the [[Roman Army]] fr... - Venice (22017 bytes)
6: ... other three being [[Genoa]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]]). Its strategic position at head of the Adriati...
10: ...r west as the [[Adda River]], were known as "Terrafirma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against...
12: ...]], symbol of Venice. Only Venetian ships could efficiently transport the men, supplies, and (especial...
16: ... [[oligarchy|oligarchical]] peers to resign the office and retire into [[monastery|monastic]] seclusio...
24: ...that Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in [[Europe]], greatly influencing [[art]... - Seljuk Turks (7657 bytes)
1: ... Seljuks migrated from the north into [[Persia]], fighting and conquering various tribes on their way ...
5: ...[[1118]], the third son [[Ahmed Sanjar]], unsatisfied by his portion of the inheritance, took over th...
7: ...of [[Khwarezmid Empire|Khwarezm]], and the Seljuk finally collapsed. Of the former Great Seljuk Empire...
73: ...Rüm|Süleyman II]] (Suleiman) [[1196]]-[[1204]]
74: * [[Kilij Arslan III]] [[1204]]-[[1205]] - Parthenon (12682 bytes)
3: ...ece]] in the [[Persian Wars]]. The building was officially called the '''Temple of Athena the Virgin''...
9: ... continued until at least [[433 BC]]. Some of the financial accounts for the Parthenon survive, and sh...
11: ...ver built. Even in antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary, especially the subtle corr...
27: ...sack of the city during the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204.
31: ...rther. European visitors in the 17th century testified that the building was largely intact. - Ferdinand Magellan (19348 bytes)
2: ...European]] to sail the [[Pacific Ocean]], and the first to lead an expedition for the purpose of [[cir...
9: ...ong the way. It was here that Magellan would also first experience battle: when a local king refused t...
13: ... [[1513]]) and received a severe knee wound while fighting against the Moorish-Moroccan stronghold. Al...
20: ... help of Juan de Aranda, one of the three chief officials of Seville's India House, and of other frien...
22: ...thought to be the [[Rio de la Plata]], to the Pacific Ocean, forming a large bay-like [[river delta]].... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
6: *[[Firmin Abauzit]], (1679-1767)
267: *[[Claude Buffier]], (1661-1737){{fn|R}}
348: *[[Andrea Christofidou]]
387: *[[Lady Anne Finch Conway]], (1631-1679){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
430: *[[Bruno de Finetti]], (1906-1985){{fn|O}} - Hagia Sophia (7132 bytes)
2: ...age:Hagia-Sofia-01s.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Hagia Sofia, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1994]]
7: ...he 4th century. Following the destruction of the first church, a second was built by [[Constantius II...
10: ...cribed in [[Procopius]]' ''On Buildings'' (De Aedificiis). The Byzantine poet [[Paulus the Silentiary]...
14: ...281.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Interior of the Hagia Sofia, Istanbul, Turkey. Image provided by [http://cla...
16: ...ectural achievement of late [[antiquity]] and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its inf... - Byzantine art (10470 bytes)
7: ...of man, the purpose of Byzantine art was the glorification of [[God]], and particularly of his son, [[...
11: In place of the nude, the figures of God the Father, Jesus Christ, the [[Virgi...
19: ...iritual nature of his subjects. To this end simplification and stylisation were perfectly acceptable.
21: ...a Sophia]], a building of superior scale and magnificence to anything in the ancient world.
25: ...as not until all of these cities had fallen - the first two to the [[Arabs]] and Rome to the [[Goths]]... - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
1: ...Roman Empire]] on [[May 11]], AD [[330]]. It was first founded as a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] colony w...
5: ... the [[Bishop of Rome]] (the Pope). They were "[[first among equals]]", a situation which would event...
7: ...aptured and sacked by the [[Fourth Crusade]] in [[1204]] (April 12), and then re-captured by [[Nicaean E...
9: ...tal was moved to [[Ankara]]; Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in [[1930]]. - Praseodymium (9138 bytes)
44: | [[Electron configuration]]
62: | 1204 [[Kelvin|K]] (1707.8 ?[[Fahrenheit|F]])
68: | 20.8 [[scientific notation|×]]10<sup>-6</sup> [[cubic metre ...
87: | [[Specific heat capacity]]
186: * [[Sulfide]]s - List of Byzantine Emperors (11779 bytes)
3: ... Latin]] by making [[Greek language|Greek]] the official language). Numismatists note the monetary ref...
8: ...; son in-law of Constantine I, brother-in-law and first cousin of Constantius II, grandson of Constant...
23: ...d [[474]] - [[491]]) – son-in-law of Leo I (first husband of Ariadne), father of Leo II
84: ...]]) – son-in-law of Constantine VIII (Zoe's first husband)
104: ...– grandson of Alexius I; nephew of John II; first cousin once removed of Alexius II; married Ale... - Song Dynasty (16385 bytes)
3: ...the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms|Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]], were a time of di...
5: .... The '''Northern Song''' ([[960]]-[[1127]]) signifies the time when the Song capital was in the north...
7: ...yed the Song dynasty in [[1279]] and once more unified China, this time as part of a vast Mongol empir...
12: ...supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials. This system of civilian rule led to a great...
14: ...prestige. The development of paper money and a unified tax system meant the development of a true nati...
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