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- History of science (41710 bytes)
40: ... copies of ancient texts that remained in Western Europe, and is known as the philosophic school of [[...
46: ...[[Averroes|Averro볝] were influential in much of Europe. The published works of [[Marco Polo]] along ...
54: ...o what is now called an [[algorithm]]; the word [[algebra]] is derived from ''al-jabr'', the beginning of t...
61: Modern science in [[Europe]] began in a period of great upheaval. The [[...
112: ...kande]]. But the solar neutrino flux was [[solar neutrino problem|a fraction of its theoretically-expe... - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
33: ...to the study of structure, space and change (i.e. algebra, geometry and analysis). In addition to these th...
35: ...ized to [[vector space]]s and studied in [[linear algebra]], belongs to the two branches of structure and s...
37: ...th function|smoothness]], and direction, while in algebraic geometry geometrical objects are described as s...
77: ...ra]] – [[Graph theory]] – [[Universal algebra]] – [[Category theory]] – [[Order the...
88: ...] – [[Algebraic topology]] – [[Linear algebra]] – [[Fractal geometry]] - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
9: ...n before modern naming conventions developed in [[Europe]], his full name was "Leonardo di ser Piero d...
49: ... [http://www.leonardoshorse.org/].) The [[Hunt Museum]] in [[Limerick, Ireland]] has a small bronze ho...
59: ...Benois Madonna]]'' (1478-1480) - ''[[Hermitage Museum]]'', [[Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]], Russia
62: ...with an Ermine]]'' (1488-90) - ''[[Czartoryski Museum]]'', [[Krakow]], Poland
64: ...'[[Madonna Litta]]'' (1490-91) - ''[[Hermitage Museum]]'', [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], Russia - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
3: ...t''' refers to the [[18th century]] in [[Europe | European philosophy]], and is often thought of
14: Throughout the 1500s and half of the 1600s, Europe was ravaged by religious wars. When the poli...
16: ...79: 121–123). There was a wave of change across European thinking at this time, which is also exempl...
33: ...tural philosophy that espoused the application of algebra to the study of nature, and the discoveries broug...
45: ...d in the sciences by, for example, [[Carolus Linnaeus]]' categorization of [[biology]]. - Computer (32773 bytes)
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
67: ...r implementing arithmetic functions and [[Boolean algebra|logic operation]]s.
70: ... which can be used to represent various [[Boolean algebra|logic operation]]s.
84: ...s, that implemented the main features of the von Neumann Architecture were:
92: The Stored Program design defined by the von Neumann architecture finally allowed computers to rea... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ...hanisms are on display in the [[London Science Museum]]. In [[1991]], working from Babbage's original ...
40: ...other friends convinced Charles to take a trip to Europe to recuperate. He passed through [[Holland]],...
59: ...mbers. In another, she wrote about a generalized algebra engine that could perform operations on symbols a...
62: ...iversary of Babbage?s birth.[http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/page4.asp] - James Cook (14770 bytes)
1: ...by Nathaniel Dance, c. 1775, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich]]
8: .... While working for Walker, Cook began to study [[algebra]], [[trigonometry]], [[navigation]], and [[astron...
20: ...reach [[New Zealand]], becoming only the second [[European]] in history to do so (behind [[Abel Tasman...
24: ...cts with Australian [[Aborigines]], and the first European sightings of Australian [[flora]] and [[fau...
28: ...nd [[New Guinea]], again becoming only the second European to do so (the first being [[Luis Vaez de To... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
6: ...ounded [[analytic geometry]], that bridge between algebra and geometry crucial to the invention of the [[ca...
18: ...Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]] in [[1627]]. He left for Holland in [[1628]], w...
26: ...f Sweden]]. The cause of death was said to be [[pneumonia]] - accustomed to working in bed till noon, ...
86: * 1983. ''Oeuvres de Descartes'' in 11 vols. Adam, Charles, and... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
4: ...e|Hellenized]] form of Pars, based on which other European nations termed the area ''Persia''. This pr...
17: ...the [[Indus River]] valley and into [[Thrace]] in Europe. His invasion of [[Greece]] was halted at the...
27: ..., in Hellenistic style ([[Ashgabat|Esgh-abad]] Museum, [[Turkmenistan]]).]]
37: ... Minor. His ruling family is known as the '''[[Seleucid Dynasty]]'''.
41: ...n to attack the kingdom. At the same time, the Seleucids had to contend with the revolt of the [[Macca... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
3: ...ences that we consider today to have been made in Europe were in fact made in India centuries ago�.
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
24: ...tical concepts, including [[0 (number)|zero]], [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
30: ...ed �''Siddantha Shiromani''� has a chapter on algebra. In [[1816]], [[James Taylor]] translated Bhaska... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ...though the term 'Middle Ages' usually refers to [[European history]], scientific advances in the [[Eas...
4: [[Western Europe]] entered the Middle Ages with great difficul...
14: ...e spread of [[Islam]] in the [[7th century]], the European West became a tapestry of rural populations...
18: ...], having succeeded at uniting a great portion of Europe under his domain, and in order to further uni...
27: ...]], (mainly in [[Sicily]] and [[Spain]]), allowed Europeans access to preserved copies of [[Ancient Gr... - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
149: * [[Algebra]] developed in the Middle East
152: ...he same time: Beginning of the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe)''
160: * European [[colonization]] and [[decolonization]] in ...
183: ==European domination of the Arabic and Turkish region...
190: * [[petroleum]] becomes important political factor - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
5: ...[Theodorus]]) or to [[Hippasus of Metapontum]]. [[Euclid]] spoke of the "golden mean" this way, "A st...
40: For those who struggle with algebra but can at least handle the idea of fractions of ...
115: ...the root of a [[polynomial equation]], it is an [[algebraic number]]. It can be shown that φ is an [[ir...
134: ...theorem]]. It is also the fundamental unit of the algebraic number field <math>\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})</math> ... - Integer (6458 bytes)
3: == Algebraic properties ==
24: In the language of [[abstract algebra]], the first five properties listed above for add...
30: ...on of ''a'' by ''b''. This is the basis for the [[Euclidean algorithm]] for computing [[greatest commo...
32: ...tract algebra, the above says that '''Z''' is a [[Euclidean domain]]. This implies that '''Z''' is a [...
40: The ordering of integers is compatible with the algebraic operations in the following way: - Number (4151 bytes)
19: ... [[complex number]]s '''C''', which leads to an [[algebraically closed field]] in which every polynomial wi...
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
27: ...us leaving the category of associative [[division algebra]]s.
31: ...f [[function field]]s of finite [[characteristic (algebra)|characteristic]] behave in some ways like number...
43: ...tains the [[group (mathematics)|group]]s, [[ring (algebra)|ring]]s and [[field (mathematics)|field]]s.
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