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- History of science (41710 bytes)
2: ...ating the [[universe]] known as the [[scientific method]]. The '''history of science''' traces these [...
4: ...n]] saw the inception of the modern [[scientific method]] to guide the evaluation of [[knowledge]]. Th...
6: ...nquires about other areas of knowledge, notably [[ethics]]. In practice, each of these fields is heavi...
11: ... what science ''is'', how it ''functions'', and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. T...
13: ...re can be [[demarcation problem|no demarcation]] between science and any other form of investigation. - Mathematics (24164 bytes)
7: ...zation that two apples and two oranges do have something in common, namely that they fill the hands of...
8: ...ars]]. From counting, naturally followed [[arithmetic]] (e.g. [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multip...
10: ...t have developed out of simple counting and arithmetic without [[writing]] and a way of [[numeral syst...
14: ==Inspiration, aesthetics and pure and applied mathematics==
16: ...mathematicians because it has some intrinsic aesthetics or inner beauty, which is hard to explain. Mat... - Leonardo da Vinci (25889 bytes)
2: ... technology but were rarely constructed in his lifetime. In addition, he helped advance the study of [...
11: ...rdo also worked with [[Lorenzo di Credi]] and [[Pietro Perugino]].
18: ...ively the product of virtue which, joining men together with the diverse affections of friendship, mak...
20: Leonardo kept his private life particularly secret, and there is no evidence that Leonardo was ever ...
22: In 1506, Leonardo met [[Count Francesco Melzi]], the 15 year old son of... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
2: ...px|[[William Blake]]'s ''Newton'' as a divine geometer (1795)]]
4: ...ish an authoritative system of [[ethics]], [[aesthetics]], and [[knowledge]]. The intellectual leaders...
6: ...n the exploration of [[natural philosophy]] and [[ethics]] in addition to [[politics| political]] theo...
14: ...Baruch Spinoza|Baruch (Benedictus de) Spinoza]]'s Ethics, which expounded a pantheistic view of the un...
16: ... a coherent system of verifiable predictions and set the tone for much of what would follow in the cen... - Computer (32773 bytes)
12: ... that information are reduced to simple [[Boolean algebra]].
16: ...lved by computers, and in doing so founded [[theoretical computer science]].
20: ... brain which recognizes that those patterns form letters and numbers, and attaches meaning to them. A...
22: ==Etymology==
24: ...ers were introduced by the OED2 to differentiate between the different types of machine. These qualifi... - Charles Babbage (13539 bytes)
2: ... original plans, a [[Difference Engine]] was completed, and functioned perfectly. It was built to tole...
5: ... Bitton Estate in [[Teignmouth]]. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In [[1808]] the Babbage fami...
10: ...several other friends formed the [[Analytical Society]].
12: ..., [[Cambridge]]. He was the top mathematician at Peterhouse, but failed to graduate with honors. He in...
16: ...age. The couple lived happily at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London. They had eight children,... - James Cook (14770 bytes)
8: ... ship. Cook rose in the ranks of the merchant fleet but declined the command of his own collier in 17...
12: ...h brought him to the attention of the [[Royal Society]].
18: In [[1766]], the Royal Society hired him to travel to the [[Pacific Ocean]] to ...
20: ...ntury earlier, in [[1642]]). Cook mapped the complete New Zealand coastline, making only minor mistake...
22: ...tain [[Arthur Phillip]] arrived with the First Fleet in [[1788]], he felt that Botany Bay was unsuitab... - Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...sian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra.
6: ...c geometry]], that bridge between algebra and geometry crucial to the invention of the [[calculus]] an...
11: ...ulosis]]. At the age of ten, he entered the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Prytanee|Collège Royal Henr...
13: ...assau]], leader of the United Provinces of the [[Netherlands]]. His intention was to see the world and...
14: ...e profit from it. (Descartes, ''Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and Seeking... - Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
10: ...Image:iran-bracelet.jpg|thumb|230px|Persian bracelet c. 500 BC.]]
13: ... BC. His son Teispes led the nomadic Persians to settle in southern Iran around 650 BC, establishing t...
15: ...us was killed during a battle against the [[Massagetae]] or [[Sakas]].
19: ...cal cultures to survive, following the precedent set by Cyrus the Great. This was not only good for th...
21: ...le between good and evil gods and a final battle yet to come. Zoroastrianism and its mystic leaders, c... - Ancient Indian science and technology (21581 bytes)
9: ...cepts of [[0 (number)|zero]], the techniques of [[algebra]] and [[algorithm]], [[square root]] and [[cube r...
14: ...gave rise to a finer study of [[sound]] and [[phonetic]]s. The natural corollary were emergence of [[m...
15: ...ians have testified to [[smelting]] of certain [[metal]]s in India in the 4th century BC.
16: ...eering & architecture � The discovery of urban settlements of [[Mohenjodaro]] and [[Harappa]] indica...
22: ...c]] literature, which are around 4000 years old. Between [[1000 BC]] and [[1000 AD]], a number of math... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
6: ...ies advanced in medieval science are today [[obsolete]], and partly because of the [[stereotype]] of M...
14: ...t number of different cultures that were not completely assimiliated by the Roman culture. Debilitated...
16: ...n incomplete and posed serious problems of interpretation. Given the limited scientific advances from ...
18: ...', or scientific education ([[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[astronomy]] and [[music]]). From the year ...
29: ... by notable [[Scholastics]] such as [[Robert Grosseteste]], [[Roger Bacon]], [[Albertus Magnus]], and ... - Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
3: ... of the [[history of the Middle East]]. For more detailed information, see [[#related articles|article...
13: * Circa [[8350 BC]] ? [[Neolithic]] settlement at [[Jericho]]
16: * Circa [[8000 BC]]?Settlements at [[Nevali Cori]] in present-day [[Turke...
17: ... a very large [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] settlement in southern [[Anatolia]], is founded.
18: * Settlements at Sagalassos in present-day southwest Tu... - Golden Ratio (15928 bytes)
1: ...lian]] concept of "golden mean" see [[Nicomachean Ethics]].''
3: ...ecting nature's balance between symmetry and asymmetry and the ancient [[Pythagorean]] belief that rea...
5: ...eans, notably [[Theodorus]]) or to [[Hippasus of Metapontum]]. [[Euclid]] spoke of the "golden mean" t...
7: ...([[phi (letter)|phi]]), with '''τ''' ([[Tau (letter)|tau]]) being less common.
13: ...esent the golden ratio, taking it from the first letter in the name of the [[Greeks|Greek]] [[sculptur... - Integer (6458 bytes)
1: ...bers, the integers form a [[countably infinite]] set.
3: == Algebraic properties ==
8: {| {{prettytable}}
24: In the language of [[abstract algebra]], the first five properties listed above for add...
28: ...he above table taken together say that '''Z''' together with addition and multiplication is a commutat... - Number (4151 bytes)
11: ("Whole numbers" are sometimes denoted by '''W''', but it depends on the aut...
13: ...of integers are called [[rational number]]s. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by '''Q'''.
15: ...lled [[decimal fraction]]s or decimal numbers, sometimes denoted by '''D'''.
19: ... polynomial with complex coefficients can be completely factored.
24: ...umber]]s, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called [[transcendental number|transcendent...
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