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- Plate tectonics (27764 bytes)
3: ...anic trench]] formation occur along plate boundaries (most notably around the so-called "[[Pacific Rin...
6: ...:Tectonic plates.png|thumb|380px|The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of th...
7: == Key principles ==
8: ...dity of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to undergo motion in different directions.
10: ...ire]] being most active and famous. These boundaries are discussed in further detail below. - Indo-Australian Plate (2019 bytes)
1: [[Image:Tectonic plates.png|thumb|300px|The Indo-Australian plate is show...
3: .... [[Seafloor spreading]] separated these land masses from one another, but as the spreading centers be...
5: ...of Tasmantis sank below the sea, and now constitutes the [[Lord Howe Rise]].
7: ...ent boundary]] with the [[Antarctic Plate]]. The westerly side is subdivided with the [[Indian Plate]]...
9: ...]] (former [[Burma]]) to the south-west of [[Indonesia]]n islands of [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]]. - Supercontinent (3497 bytes)
1: ...accreted terranes]] that forms [[Eurasia]] qualifies as a supercontinent today.
3: ...y such as [[history]] and [[geography]], land masses connected with an [[isthmus]] are also considered...
5: ...[[Pangaea]] and its successors [[Laurasia]] and [[Gondwana]].
7: ... and southern supercontinents, [[Laurasia]] and [[Gondwana]].
11: ..., we need to pass through a few more of these cycles. - Cretaceous (7391 bytes)
1: ...etaceous also defines the boundary between the [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] [[era]]s.
3: {{Mesozoic Footer}}
6: ... 65.5 MYA. This [[bolide]] collision is probably responsible for the major, extensively-studied [[Cret...
10: ...isions. The [[faunal stage]]s from youngest to oldest are:
57: ...advanced across central [[North America]] (the [[Western Interior Seaway]]) and then started to recede... - Geologic time scale (26014 bytes)
1: ...uses the standard color codes of the [[United States Geologic Survey]].
3: ...se of the [[dinosaur]]s and of many marine [[species]].
7: ... general there are far more recognized faunal stages than defined geologic time units.
9: ...[Tommotian]], [[Atdabanian]] and [[Botomian]] stages in [[East Asia]] and [[Siberia]]. It is a key as...
13: ... appearances; 3) The strata of any given area represented only part of the Earth's long history. - Rainforest (6551 bytes)
1: ...Image:Rain_forest_12.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rainforest, Big Island, Hawaii]]
2: ... number of [[resident (species)|resident]] [[species]] and tremendous [[biodiversity]].
4: ...rmacy" because the large amount of natural medicines discovered there.
6: ...posits (e.g. [[bauxite]]). On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be...
8: ...ense tangled growth of vines, shrubs and small trees called ''jungle''. - Golden mole (4520 bytes)
1: {{Taxobox begin | color = pink | name = Golden moles}}
15: ...e to southern [[Africa]]. They bear a remarkable resemblance to the [[marsupial mole]]s of [[Australia...
17: ...re just tiny openings, and, like the marsupial moles, they have an enlarged leather-like pad to protec...
19: ...first and fourth; the hind feet retain all five toes and are webbed to allow efficient backward shovel...
21: ...oped particularly efficient kidneys and most species do not need to drink water at all. - Pangaea (1625 bytes)
3: ...A]], mountains were formed, and some of these ranges still exist, such as the [[Appalachian Mountains|...
7: ...ill [[heat|hot]] and trying to rise upward. As a result, [[Africa]] sat several tens of meters higher ...
12: ... Pangaea broke into two parts: a southern part, [[Gondwana]], and a northern part, [[Laurasia]]. - Spermatophyte (2424 bytes)
1: ...ups that reproduce by [[spore]]s, such as [[moss]]es, [[liverwort]]s, [[hornwort]]s, and [[fern]]s.
3: ...ve therefore of all descendants of that common ancestor. Although not a monophyletic taxon, gymnosperm...
13: ...] in the ancient southern [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]] during the [[Permian]] period. By the [[Triassi...
17: ...lits these groups into separate divisions (sometimes under the '''Superdivision Spermatophyta'''): - Mesozoic (1564 bytes)
1: ...geology)|eon]]. The division of time into Eras dates back to the [[19th century]].
3: ... extended from roughly 251 million years before present to roughly 65 million years.
6: ...et by the [[Permian extinction]]. The upper (youngest) boundary is set at the [[Cretaceous extinction]...
8: ...merica]] and [[Eurasia]]. Gondwana broke up progressively into four continents: [[South America]], [[...
10: ... of modern life were in place although in some cases—notably the mammals—the forms that ex... - Cenozoic (1685 bytes)
1: ...e of the last [[dinosaur]]s and the end of the [[Mesozoic]] Era. The Cenozoic era is ongoing.
5: ...eneralized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals. The Cenozoic i...
7: ... positions. [[Australia-New Guinea]] split from [[Gondwana]] to drift north and, eventually, abut [[South-ea... - Carboniferous (4655 bytes)
1: ...coal]] beds of that age found in [[England]] and Western [[Europe]]. In [[North America]], the first t...
7: ...[faunal stage|Faunal stages]] from youngest to oldest are:
15: *Chamovnicheskian/Cantabrian/Missourian
19: *Myachkovskian/Bolsovian/Desmoinesian
20: *Podolskian/Desmoinesian - Golden moles (3220 bytes)
1: {{Taxobox begin | color = pink | name = Golden moles}}
15: ...e to southern [[Africa]]. They bear a remarkable resemblance to the [[marsupial mole]]s of [[Australia...
17: ...re just tiny openings, and, like the marsupial moles, they have an enlarged leather-like pad to protec...
19: ...first and fourth; the hind feet retain all five toes and are webbed to allow efficient backward shovel...
21: ...oped particularly efficient kidneys and most species do not need to drink water at all. - Jurassic (4659 bytes)
1: ... Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the [[Mesozoic]] era, also known as the Age of [[Dinosaur]]...
3: ...t]] for the extensive marine [[limestone]] exposures of the [[Jura Mountains]] in the region where [[G...
5: {{Mesozoic Footer}}
9: ...Malm''. The [[faunal stage]]s from youngest to oldest are:
57: ...merica are continental. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in [[Russia]], [[India]], [[South ... - Tetrapod (26290 bytes)
24: ::::[[Aves|Aves (Birds)]]<br>
28: ...m the [[Sarcopterygii]], or "lobe-finned" [[fish]]es, into air-breathing amphibians in the [[Devonian]...
33: ...omplex [[food web]]s that afforded new opportunities.
35: ...ithout these shallow-water adaptations. These fishes used their fins as [[paddle]]s in shallow-water h...
37: ...l. However, functioning internal [[gill]]s were present in at least one late Devonian tetrapod, [[Acan...
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